Epidemiology

Question 1

Study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human population

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Backbone of disease prevention

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

First to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statistics

Answer 3

John Graunt

Question 4

Investigated a cholera epidemic in mid 19th century London

Answer 4

John Snow

Question 5

Discovered that some diseases are caused by living organisms

Answer 5

Koch

Question 6

Study where risk factors for coronary heart disease where discovered

Answer 6

Framing Heart study

Question 7

Discovered polio vaccine

Answer 7

Salk

Question 8

Discovered the association between smoking and lung cancer

Answer 8

Doll and Peto

Question 9

3 sectors of the wheel causation

Answer 9

Biological
Social
Physical

Question 10

Prevalence study is also called

Answer 10

Cross sectional

Question 11

Ecological study is also called

Answer 11

Correlational

Question 12

Diseases and age patterns

Magnitude decreases with age

Answer 12

Long lasting immunity

Question 13

Diseases and age patterns

Magnitude increases with age

Answer 13

Degenerative diseases

Question 14

Temporal variation where there is long term fluctuation of disease occurrence over many decades

Answer 14

Secular trend

Question 15

Temporal variation where increases in number of cases more or less regularly every around 5 years due to accumulation of susceptible through births

Answer 15

Cyclic intrinsic variation

Question 16

Varicella is an example of what type of temporal variation?

Answer 16

Cyclic intrinsic

Question 17

Temporal variation where fluctuations of disease occurrence during a year reflecting climactic changes

Answer 17

Seasonal variation

Question 18

Most basic descriptive study design that consists of a brief report on the characteristics or outcome from a single clinical subject or event

Answer 18

Case report

Question 19

A study or survey of a defined population at a specified point in time on a topic or variables of interest

Answer 19

Cross sectional

Question 20

Economical
Convenient for sudden outbreaks
Not suitable for rare or acute disease
Difficult in interpreting temporal sequence of cause and effect

Answer 20

Cross sectional (descriptive)

Question 21

Inferential statistics used for case control study

Answer 21

Odds ratio

Question 22

Used to investigate rare diseases and diseases with long lag or long period of latency

Answer 22

Case control

Question 23

Inferential statistics used for cohort

Answer 23

Relative risk ratio

Question 24

Study that provides the best information about disease causation

Answer 24

Cohort

Question 25

Causal relationship wherein if the cause is present, the disease will always occur

Answer 25

Sufficient cause

Question 26

Causal relationship where the cause must be present for the disease to occur although it does not always result in disease

Answer 26

Necessary cause

Question 27

Difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups

Answer 27

Attributable risk (AR)

Question 28

Difference in risk attributable to the intervention as compared to a control

Answer 28

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

Question 29

Term for the extent to which a drug has the ability to bring about its intended effect under ideal circumstances

Answer 29

Efficacy

Question 30

Term for the extent to which a drug achieves its intended effect in the usual clinical setting

Answer 30

Effectiveness

Question 31

Term used for cost and benefit; risk and benefit

What is the cost relative to benefits?

Answer 31

Efficiency

Question 32

Type of bias where the study population selected from the hospital is less healthy than the general population

Answer 32

Berkson bias