Basic Concepts And Biostat Flashcards
State of complete physical, mental and social well being and not necessarily the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
An active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life
Wellness
A way of living that lowers the risk of being ill or dying
Healthy lifestyle
Art and science of promoting health, preventing disease; prolonging life through organized community effort, directed at community level that benefits everyone
Public health
Branch of medicine that concentrates on keeping people well with a goal of disease prevention and health promotion
Preventive medicine
What are the goals of preventive medicine?
Health promotion
Disease prevention
What level of prevention adresses the general population?
Primordial
What level of prevention targets those people with the disease who are asymptomatic?
Secondary
What level of prevention aims to reduce risk?
Primordial
What level of prevention aims to reduce incidence of disease?
Primary
What level of prevention aims to reduce complications and disability?
Tertiary
What level of prevention aims to maximize optimal level of functioning?
Tertiary
What level of prevention adresses broad health determinants?
Primordial
What level of prevention consists of actions to minimize future hazards to health?
Primordial
What level of prevention are screening programs?
Secondary
Science that deals with collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data
Statistics
Application of statistical methods to life sciences
Biostatistics
Variable that researchers manipulate
Independent
Group from which representative information is desired and to which interference will be made
Target population
Population from which a sample will actually be taken
Sampling population
Units that are chosen in selecting the sample and may be made up of non overlapping collection of elements or elementary units
Sampling unit
A collection of sampling units is called a
Sampling frame
An object or a person on which a measurement is actually taken or an observation is made
Elementary unit
This type of variable may potentially confuse the result or have a chance to distort data
Confounders
Branch of biostatistics that refers to the different methods applied to summarize and present data in a form to make them easier to analyze and interpret by using methods of tabulation etc
Descriptive statistics
Branch of biostatistics that makes generalizations and conclusions about a target population based in the result from a sample
Inferential statistics
Data collection source that provide analysis and interpretation of event or phenomenon
Processed data
Secondary source
In the Philippines, a population census is conducted every?
5 years
Type of census conduction that physical presence is required
Defacto census
Type of census conduction where they assign individuals in their usual residence regardless of where they were during the census
Dejure
What are the vital events in a human based on statistics?
Birth
Changes in civil status
Death
Type of data which is a finite number of values
Discrete
Type of data usually associated with physical measurements and takes on values that are fractions or decimals
Continuous
Scale to measure data where zero is arbitrary
Interval
Lowest form of variable
Nominal
Data where zero is fixed
Ratio
Highest form of data
Ratio
Birth certificate must be filed within how many days after birth?
Within 30 days
Who can sign the birth certificate?
Attending doctor
Midwife
Mayor
Death certificate should be filed how many hours after death?
48 hours
In epidemics, death certificate should be secured within how many days after the burial?
5 days
Who will file the death certificate in case of epidemics?
Attending physician
Municipal health officer
Mayor
What cause of death will be counted in the cause of death statistics?
Underlying cause
Circumstances wherein a normal death certificate cannot be issued
Suspicion of unnatural cause
DOA
When death occurred before a full recovery from a surgical operation or administration of anesthesia
The closeness of a measured or computed value to its true value
Accuracy
Characteristic of data collection that is related with positive and negative predictive value
Accuracy
Consistency and reproducibility of a test
Precision
Type of error that entails a reduced precision
Random error
Type of error that entails reduced accuracy in a test
Systematic error
Characteristic in data collection where the data should measure what it is supposed to measure
Validity
Type of validity to determine if a causal relationship exists between variables
Internal validity
Type of validity which describes the extent to which you can generalize your findings to a larger group
External validity
Refers to consistency, reproducibility, repeatability of results
Reliability
Screening test validity where the ability of the test to label positive those who really have the disease
Sensitivity
Ability of the test to label negative those who don’t have the disease
Specificity
The probability of having a condition, given a positive test
Positive predictive value
Which is dependent on the prevalence of disease?
Predictive values
Type of bias where there is an aggressive search for abnormalities that might lead to harm and great cost without reaping any benefits
Overdiagnosis Bias
Type of bias where people presenting for screening tend to be healthier leading to false sense of better outcome
Self selection bias
Type of bias where survival may appear to be increased among screen detected cases simply because the diagnosis was made earlier in the course and yet the outcome is unchanged
Lead time bias
Type of bias where the length of preclinical phase can vary substantially from person to person
More slowly progressive disease are more likely to be screen detected
Length bias
Positive likelihood ratio
Sn/ 1-Sp
Negative likelihood ratio
1-Sn/Sp
Criteria of a good sampling design
RAPE
Representative
Adequate
Practical and feasible
Economic and efficient
Sampling design used for descriptive purposes
Non probability
Sample selection is based in expert’s subjective judgment or on some pre specified criteria
Purposive
Sample selection based on whatever item comes at hand or whoever is available
Convenience
Sample selection based on given number or goal to meet
Quota
Target population is small or hard to locate
Uses chain referral techniques
Snowballing
Sampling design used for rare diseases
Snowballing
Type of graph showing changes with passage of time
To show trends
Vertical bar graph
How many categories are permitted in a pie chart?
Up to 6 only
Type of graph that uses frequency distribution of continuous variable including age group, 1 population, 1 distribution
Example: income
Histogram
Type of graph used for trend data or changes with time or age with respect to other variables
Line graph
Type of graph to compare 2 population
Quantitative continuous variable
Frequency polygon
Type of graph for correlation between 2 quantitative variables
Scatter plot
Combines a column chart and a line graph
Paretto chart
“80% of the output in a given situation or system is produced by 20% of the input”
Paretto principle
Most common measure of central tendency
Mean
The value that falls in the middle position
Useful on skewed data on ordinal or numeric
Median
The value that occurs with the greatest frequency in a set of observations
For bimodal distribution
Used in public health statistics
Mode
Measure that locate the spread of a frequency distribution
Measures of Dispersion
The difference between the smallest and the largest values in a set of data
Range
Average of the squared deviation of the mean
Variance
Square root of variance
Standard deviation
Measures relative dispersion in one type of data with relative dispersion in another type
Coefficient of variation
Fomula for coefficient of variation
SD/mean x 100
This states that as the sample size increases, the distribution of the mean of a sample from a large population approaches that of a normal distribution
Central limit theorem
Negatively skewed
Outlying values are small
Mean is SMALLER than median
Mean < median
Skewed to the left
Positively skewed
Outlying values are large
Mean is LARGER than median
Mean >median >mode
Skewed to the right
A numerical constant obtained by observing the total population
Parameter
Type of hypothesis that is a statement of equality
No association between the disease and the risk factor in the population
Null hypothesis
Type of error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is really true
Declaring a difference when none exists
Similar to a false positive test
Type 1 A error
Error of not rejecting the null when it is actually false
Failing to declare a difference that does exist
Similar to a false negative test
Type II B error
Test used to compare the mean of a continuous variable in two research samples
Determining whether the difference between the two observed means exceeds the difference that would be expected by chance
T test
Type of t test to asess difference between two groups that are independent
Student T test
Systolic BP if pregnant and non pregnant women
Student T test
T test for compairing before and after measurements
Paired T test
Set of values found at the tail end of the distribution which leads to the rejection of null hypothesis
Critical region
Process of drawing a conclusion about a causal connection based on the conditions of the occurrence of an effect
Causal inference
Single numerical value used to estimate the corresponding population parameter
Point estimate
Life expectancy of female (2015)
74.7 years
Life expectancy for males
68.7 years
Represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every working individual
Dependency ratio
Increase in life expectancy is mainly due to
Decrease in mortality of the younger age groups
Urban area is defined as having a population of at least
1000 per square km
Population per unit of land
Population density
Quantifies the proportion of individuals who have the disease at a specific instant
Prevalence
Increased by longer duration of disease and improved diagnostic facilities
Prevalence rate
Prevalence and incidence are:
A. Both are not rates
B. Prevalence is a rate, incidence is not
C. Both are rates
D. Incidence is a rate, prevelance is not
D
A single number that represents the relative size of two numbers
Ratio
Special type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
Proportion
Frequency of occurrence of events over a given time interval
Rate
