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Prev Med > Basic Concepts And Biostat > Flashcards

Basic Concepts And Biostat Flashcards

1
Q

State of complete physical, mental and social well being and not necessarily the absence of disease or infirmity

A

Health

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2
Q

An active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life

A

Wellness

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3
Q

A way of living that lowers the risk of being ill or dying

A

Healthy lifestyle

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4
Q

Art and science of promoting health, preventing disease; prolonging life through organized community effort, directed at community level that benefits everyone

A

Public health

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5
Q

Branch of medicine that concentrates on keeping people well with a goal of disease prevention and health promotion

A

Preventive medicine

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6
Q

What are the goals of preventive medicine?

A

Health promotion

Disease prevention

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7
Q

What level of prevention adresses the general population?

A

Primordial

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8
Q

What level of prevention targets those people with the disease who are asymptomatic?

A

Secondary

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9
Q

What level of prevention aims to reduce risk?

A

Primordial

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10
Q

What level of prevention aims to reduce incidence of disease?

A

Primary

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11
Q

What level of prevention aims to reduce complications and disability?

A

Tertiary

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12
Q

What level of prevention aims to maximize optimal level of functioning?

A

Tertiary

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13
Q

What level of prevention adresses broad health determinants?

A

Primordial

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14
Q

What level of prevention consists of actions to minimize future hazards to health?

A

Primordial

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15
Q

What level of prevention are screening programs?

A

Secondary

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16
Q

Science that deals with collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data

A

Statistics

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17
Q

Application of statistical methods to life sciences

A

Biostatistics

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18
Q

Variable that researchers manipulate

A

Independent

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19
Q

Group from which representative information is desired and to which interference will be made

A

Target population

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20
Q

Population from which a sample will actually be taken

A

Sampling population

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21
Q

Units that are chosen in selecting the sample and may be made up of non overlapping collection of elements or elementary units

A

Sampling unit

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22
Q

A collection of sampling units is called a

A

Sampling frame

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23
Q

An object or a person on which a measurement is actually taken or an observation is made

A

Elementary unit

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24
Q

This type of variable may potentially confuse the result or have a chance to distort data

A

Confounders

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25
Q

Branch of biostatistics that refers to the different methods applied to summarize and present data in a form to make them easier to analyze and interpret by using methods of tabulation etc

A

Descriptive statistics

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26
Q

Branch of biostatistics that makes generalizations and conclusions about a target population based in the result from a sample

A

Inferential statistics

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27
Q

Data collection source that provide analysis and interpretation of event or phenomenon

Processed data

A

Secondary source

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28
Q

In the Philippines, a population census is conducted every?

A

5 years

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29
Q

Type of census conduction that physical presence is required

A

Defacto census

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30
Q

Type of census conduction where they assign individuals in their usual residence regardless of where they were during the census

A

Dejure

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31
Q

What are the vital events in a human based on statistics?

A

Birth
Changes in civil status
Death

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32
Q

Type of data which is a finite number of values

A

Discrete

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33
Q

Type of data usually associated with physical measurements and takes on values that are fractions or decimals

A

Continuous

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34
Q

Scale to measure data where zero is arbitrary

A

Interval

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35
Q

Lowest form of variable

A

Nominal

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36
Q

Data where zero is fixed

A

Ratio

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37
Q

Highest form of data

A

Ratio

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38
Q

Birth certificate must be filed within how many days after birth?

A

Within 30 days

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39
Q

Who can sign the birth certificate?

A

Attending doctor
Midwife
Mayor

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40
Q

Death certificate should be filed how many hours after death?

A

48 hours

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41
Q

In epidemics, death certificate should be secured within how many days after the burial?

A

5 days

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42
Q

Who will file the death certificate in case of epidemics?

A

Attending physician
Municipal health officer
Mayor

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43
Q

What cause of death will be counted in the cause of death statistics?

A

Underlying cause

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44
Q

Circumstances wherein a normal death certificate cannot be issued

A

Suspicion of unnatural cause
DOA
When death occurred before a full recovery from a surgical operation or administration of anesthesia

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45
Q

The closeness of a measured or computed value to its true value

A

Accuracy

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46
Q

Characteristic of data collection that is related with positive and negative predictive value

A

Accuracy

47
Q

Consistency and reproducibility of a test

A

Precision

48
Q

Type of error that entails a reduced precision

A

Random error

49
Q

Type of error that entails reduced accuracy in a test

A

Systematic error

50
Q

Characteristic in data collection where the data should measure what it is supposed to measure

A

Validity

51
Q

Type of validity to determine if a causal relationship exists between variables

A

Internal validity

52
Q

Type of validity which describes the extent to which you can generalize your findings to a larger group

A

External validity

53
Q

Refers to consistency, reproducibility, repeatability of results

A

Reliability

54
Q

Screening test validity where the ability of the test to label positive those who really have the disease

A

Sensitivity

55
Q

Ability of the test to label negative those who don’t have the disease

A

Specificity

56
Q

The probability of having a condition, given a positive test

A

Positive predictive value

57
Q

Which is dependent on the prevalence of disease?

A

Predictive values

58
Q

Type of bias where there is an aggressive search for abnormalities that might lead to harm and great cost without reaping any benefits

A

Overdiagnosis Bias

59
Q

Type of bias where people presenting for screening tend to be healthier leading to false sense of better outcome

A

Self selection bias

60
Q

Type of bias where survival may appear to be increased among screen detected cases simply because the diagnosis was made earlier in the course and yet the outcome is unchanged

A

Lead time bias

61
Q

Type of bias where the length of preclinical phase can vary substantially from person to person

More slowly progressive disease are more likely to be screen detected

A

Length bias

62
Q

Positive likelihood ratio

A

Sn/ 1-Sp

63
Q

Negative likelihood ratio

A

1-Sn/Sp

64
Q

Criteria of a good sampling design

RAPE

A

Representative
Adequate
Practical and feasible
Economic and efficient

65
Q

Sampling design used for descriptive purposes

A

Non probability

66
Q

Sample selection is based in expert’s subjective judgment or on some pre specified criteria

A

Purposive

67
Q

Sample selection based on whatever item comes at hand or whoever is available

A

Convenience

68
Q

Sample selection based on given number or goal to meet

A

Quota

69
Q

Target population is small or hard to locate

Uses chain referral techniques

A

Snowballing

70
Q

Sampling design used for rare diseases

A

Snowballing

71
Q

Type of graph showing changes with passage of time

To show trends

A

Vertical bar graph

72
Q

How many categories are permitted in a pie chart?

A

Up to 6 only

73
Q

Type of graph that uses frequency distribution of continuous variable including age group, 1 population, 1 distribution

Example: income

A

Histogram

74
Q

Type of graph used for trend data or changes with time or age with respect to other variables

A

Line graph

75
Q

Type of graph to compare 2 population

Quantitative continuous variable

A

Frequency polygon

76
Q

Type of graph for correlation between 2 quantitative variables

A

Scatter plot

77
Q

Combines a column chart and a line graph

A

Paretto chart

78
Q

“80% of the output in a given situation or system is produced by 20% of the input”

A

Paretto principle

79
Q

Most common measure of central tendency

A

Mean

80
Q

The value that falls in the middle position

Useful on skewed data on ordinal or numeric

A

Median

81
Q

The value that occurs with the greatest frequency in a set of observations

For bimodal distribution
Used in public health statistics

A

Mode

82
Q

Measure that locate the spread of a frequency distribution

A

Measures of Dispersion

83
Q

The difference between the smallest and the largest values in a set of data

A

Range

84
Q

Average of the squared deviation of the mean

A

Variance

85
Q

Square root of variance

A

Standard deviation

86
Q

Measures relative dispersion in one type of data with relative dispersion in another type

A

Coefficient of variation

87
Q

Fomula for coefficient of variation

A

SD/mean x 100

88
Q

This states that as the sample size increases, the distribution of the mean of a sample from a large population approaches that of a normal distribution

A

Central limit theorem

89
Q

Negatively skewed
Outlying values are small
Mean is SMALLER than median
Mean < median

A

Skewed to the left

90
Q

Positively skewed
Outlying values are large
Mean is LARGER than median
Mean >median >mode

A

Skewed to the right

91
Q

A numerical constant obtained by observing the total population

A

Parameter

92
Q

Type of hypothesis that is a statement of equality

No association between the disease and the risk factor in the population

A

Null hypothesis

93
Q

Type of error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is really true

Declaring a difference when none exists
Similar to a false positive test

A

Type 1 A error

94
Q

Error of not rejecting the null when it is actually false

Failing to declare a difference that does exist
Similar to a false negative test

A

Type II B error

95
Q

Test used to compare the mean of a continuous variable in two research samples

Determining whether the difference between the two observed means exceeds the difference that would be expected by chance

A

T test

96
Q

Type of t test to asess difference between two groups that are independent

A

Student T test

97
Q

Systolic BP if pregnant and non pregnant women

A

Student T test

98
Q

T test for compairing before and after measurements

A

Paired T test

99
Q

Set of values found at the tail end of the distribution which leads to the rejection of null hypothesis

A

Critical region

100
Q

Process of drawing a conclusion about a causal connection based on the conditions of the occurrence of an effect

A

Causal inference

101
Q

Single numerical value used to estimate the corresponding population parameter

A

Point estimate

102
Q

Life expectancy of female (2015)

A

74.7 years

103
Q

Life expectancy for males

A

68.7 years

104
Q

Represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every working individual

A

Dependency ratio

105
Q

Increase in life expectancy is mainly due to

A

Decrease in mortality of the younger age groups

106
Q

Urban area is defined as having a population of at least

A

1000 per square km

107
Q

Population per unit of land

A

Population density

108
Q

Quantifies the proportion of individuals who have the disease at a specific instant

A

Prevalence

109
Q

Increased by longer duration of disease and improved diagnostic facilities

A

Prevalence rate

110
Q

Prevalence and incidence are:
A. Both are not rates
B. Prevalence is a rate, incidence is not
C. Both are rates
D. Incidence is a rate, prevelance is not

A

D

111
Q

A single number that represents the relative size of two numbers

A

Ratio

112
Q

Special type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator

A

Proportion

113
Q

Frequency of occurrence of events over a given time interval

A

Rate

Prev Med (5 decks)

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