Epidemiology

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

study of frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in populations

Question 2

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 2

• The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
• The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
• The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
• That same pathogen must be iosolated form the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original disease causing organism

Question 3

What are Koch’s postulates used for?

Answer 3

It was used to determine causation of disease

Question 4

When do Koch’s Postulates do not apply?

Answer 4

Some pathogens can cause several disease conditons, some only cuase disease in humans, and some diseases are caused by more than one pathogen.

Question 5

What is an etiologic agent?

Answer 5

the agent that causes disease

Question 6

What are some factors that can influence disease?

Answer 6

the environment ( air factors, climate, locatin, job, lifestyle)

the microbe, and host ( diet, fatigue, stress, genes, age

Question 7

What are asymptomatic carriers?

Answer 7

Individuals who never exhibit symptoms despite harboring the pathogen

Question 8

WHat are inubation carriers?

Answer 8

individuals who can spread the pathogen during incubation period(before clinical symptoms manifest)

Question 9

WHat are convalescent carriers?

Answer 9

Individuals who are recoverying from illness, but continue to shed the infectious agent

Question 10

What are chronic carriers?

Answer 10

individuals who still carry the infectious agent for a long time even if symptoms are not showing. because of the latency of the pathogen.

Question 11

What are passive carriers?

Answer 11

Individuals who pass the infectious agent without having been infected themselves

Question 12

WHat is a compromised host?

Answer 12

this individual has a higher probablity of infection because they are lacking one or more resistance mechanisms

Question 13

What is comorbidity?

Answer 13

This is a chronic disease that worsebs health outcomes for other diseases. It requires complex clinical management

Question 14

What is communicable disease?

Answer 14

It is an infectious disease that can be transmitted directly or indirectly

Question 15

What is a contagious disease?

Answer 15

DIsease that can be spread easily

Question 16

What is a noncommunicable disease?

Answer 16

Cannot be transmitted directly or indirectly.
Examples include: compromised individual invaded by thier own microbiota
individual has accidental cintact with a microbe in a nonliving reservoir

Question 17

What is a reservoir?

Answer 17

Where pathogens originate from. CAn be humans, animals, or nonliving things

Question 18

What is the incubation period of disease?

Answer 18

This stage marks the time from initial infection to the first appearance of disease symptoms. During this period, the microbe is actively replicating and establishing itself within the host. The length of this period varies depending on the specific microbe

Question 19

What is the prodromal period?

Answer 19

This phase is characterized by the onset of mild, general symptoms such as fatigue, headache, and low-grade fever. These symptoms indicate the body’s initial response to the growing number of pathogens

Question 20

WHat is the Period of illness:

Answer 20

marks the peak of infection, where the individual experiences the most severe symptoms specific to the disease.

Question 21

What is the period of decline?

Answer 21

the symptoms gradually subside as the immune system begins to effectively control the infection and the number of pathogens declines. This stage is often when individuals are susceptible to secondary infections.

Question 22

What is the period of convalescence?

Answer 22

The final stage represents the period of recovery, during which strength and health are regained. Importantly, individuals can still be contagious at these stages, highlighting the importance of continued precautions.