Epidemiology Flashcards

Question

How would you calculate reproductive number How would you interpreted the results

Answer 1

Reproductive number = Infectiousness X Number of contacts X Duration of infectiousness Interpreting R0 • if < 1 disease will eventually disappear • if = 1 disease will be endemic • if > 1 there will be an epidemic

Answer 2

Here immunity is protection against infections in a population either directly through vaccinations or acquired immunity It is the level of immunity required to prevent epidemics

Answer 3

Verify Diagnosis Establish existence of outbreak Identify and count cases Describe epidemiology Formulate and test hypothesis Assess local response and address gaps Set up control measures Communicate findings Intensify Surveillance Count cases

Answer 4

Phase 1: sporadic cases Phase 2: clusters Phase 3: main wave Phase 4: Full epidemic Phase 5: late epidemic

Answer 5

Re-emergence of old diseases –cholera, typhoid • Changes in environment, agriculture & food-processing, movement of people and goods, behaviors • Increased density of populations (refugees) • Increased susceptibility • Bioterrorism

Answer 6

Lab techniques, molecular epidemiology – DNA finger printing • Epidemiology • Vaccines • Communication

Answer 7

Diseases that can not be spread from one person to an other They have a long duration Slow progression Complex aetiology

Answer 8

known as ‘chronic diseases’, they are illnesses that can NOT be spread from person to person

Answer 9

NCDs: Gradual onset Long natural history Care predominates over cure Multidisciplinary Multiple causes Prolonged treatment Prolonged follow up Quality of life after treatment is often affected, back to normalcy in communicable

Answer 10

NCDs are the leading cause of death and disability in SA • Globally, NCDs kill 41 000 000 people/year (74% of global deaths) • 17million die from an NCD <70yrs of age • 86% of these premature deaths in LMICs • 77% of all NCD deaths are in LMICs • WHO estimates deaths from NCDs will increase globally by 17% over the next 10years and Africa will experience a 27% • Approx. 28million ADDITIONAL deaths

Answer 11

1. Cardiovascular disease 2. Chronic Respiratory disease 3. Cancer 4. Diabetes 5. Mental healthy

Answer 12

1. Smoking 2. Unhlealthy diet 3. Lack of physical exercise 4. Alcohol use (harmfully) 5. Air pollution

Answer 13

MRF- risk factor can be reduced or controlled by intervention reducing probability if diseases Examples: smoking, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, environmental eg air pollution NMRF- cannot be changed by intervention Eg sex, age, family history (genetics)

Answer 14

Stage 1: pestilence and famine- infections and parasitic diseases, accidents, and human attacks are the major cause of death, high mortality in 20-40y/o Stage 2: receding epidemics- fall in mortality (35-50y/o) intro to modern health care and health technologies, improved sanitation, nutrition and medicine Stage 3: degenerative and human created diseases- decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders ass with aging Stage 4: stage of delayed degenerative diseases- decrease-the major degenerative causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Life expectancy improves due to medical advances. Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases- infectious disease that have been eradicated have returned and new ones have emerged

Answer 15

Theory that conceptualises health and broadly focuses on how health is affected by interaction between individual, the community, and the physical, social and political environment. Individuals➡️ Relationships➡️Community➡️Societal

Answer 16

Individual • Nutrition • Education • Exercise Interpersonal • Exercise buddies • Community groups to create healthy menus • Gardening clubs Community • Grocery store items – increase healthy and reduce processed • Create walking trails/parks/indoor active events • Workplace health programs Social • Sugar tax • Ban junk food at schools • Maintain bike trails/hiking trails e

Answer 17

Sensitivity is Proportion of the individuals who have the disease and test positive i.e true positive Specificity is Proportion of individuals who don’t have the disease who test negative I.e true negative

Answer 18

Positive Predictive Value: Proportion of individual who test positive who actually have the diseases Negative Predictive Value: Proportion of individuals who test negative who don’t have the disease

Answer 19

PPV • Increases with increasing prevalence • Increases with increasing specificity NPV • Increases with decreasing prevalence • Increases with increasing sensitivity

Answer 20

Injury is the physical damage that results when a human body is suddenly subjected to energy exceeding threshold of physiological tolerance Violence is the intentional use of force, power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person or group or community. With high likelihood to cause injury, death, psychological harm etc.

Answer 21

Education Enforcement Engineering/environmental modification

Answer 22

factors influencing crash severity - e.g. helmets, seatbelts, child seats • factors influencing crash involvement – e.g. AOD, cell phones, roadworthiness • factors influencing exposure to risk – alternative modes, vehicle separation

Answer 23

Investing in early interventions Strengthening the community Reduce income inequality Increasing positive adult involvement Changing cultural and social norms Improve criminal justice and social welfare

Answer 24

Enforcement Education Engineering or Environmental modification

Answer 25

Works well for individual events but difficult to synthesise at a population level Leads to victim-blaming and helplessness The Es foster a silo-based approach to prevention ( silo approaches are discrete, not sharing valuable information with other members of company)

Answer 26

factors influencing crash severity - e.g. helmets, seatbelts, child seats • factors influencing crash involvement – e.g. AOD, cell phones, roadworthiness • factors influencing exposure to risk –alternative modes, vehicle separation

Answer 27

Improved testing for HIV/TB Improved screening Improved drugs PMTCT program ART on all people living with HIV regardless of CD4 count TB Prevention for all people living with HIV Adherence to clubs

Answer 28

Maintaining people living with HIV/TB in care Integrating TB and HIV care (previously disease specific programs) Stigma and discrimination Slow uptake of voluntary medical make circumcision

Answer 29

1. Infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis 2. Mental health conditions 3. Injuries, including road traffic injuries and violence-related injuries 4. Cardiovascular diseases 5. Childhood diseases

Answer 30

Ideas, plans and actions taken to achieve specific health care goals. Defines vision for the future Assigns specific roles to different groups Builds consensus and informs people

Answer 31

Political manifesto Green paper: Document with proposals White paper: concrete proposals for legislature change Bill: Act presented to parliament by Minister, Deputy Minister, MEC or Deputy of MEC Regulation of the Act: specifics of the Act Supported by Public Consultation

Answer 32

The state must take reasonable legislature and other measures within its available resources to achieve progressive realisation of the rights of people to have access to health care services include reproductive health care. No one may be refused emergency medical service Every child has right to basic health care services Everyone has right to environment not harmful Local government responsible for municipal health services Provincial gov can assign any provincial function to local government if LG has capacity to perform.