Epidemiology Flashcards
Define primordial prevention
Health promotion for disease free before risk factors develop eg sugar tax
Define primary prevention
Alter exposures that lead to disease. Health promotion and specific protection pre-disease. Eg health campaign against drinking, warn smokers of danger
Define secondary prevention
Pre-symptomatic diagnosis and treatment of latent disease. Eg screen obese for diabetes, NB screening
Define tertiary prevention
Disability limitation for early symptomatic disease, rehab for late. Delay complications. eg Check diabetic patients for retinopathy
What is the donabedian model? (5)
- Input eg screen
- process eg sputum turn around Tb
- output eg start treatment
- outcome eg sputum conversion
- impact eg cure and death rate
What is the causality epidemiology triad? (Vectors)
- Agent- pathogen
- host - human - intrinsic factors
- environment - extrinsic factors - physical (eg geology, climate), biologic (eg insects), socioeconomic (eg crowding)
According to Rothman’s causal pie, what is a component cause?
Individual factors within a pie , slice of the pie
According to Rothman’s causal pie, what is a sufficient cause?
The complete pie, which might be considered a causal pathway. A disease may have more than 1 sufficient cause, with each sufficient cause being composed of several component causes that may or may not overlap
According to Rothman’s causal pie, what is a Necessary cause?
A component that appears in every pie/pathway/ sufficient cause, because without it disease doesn’t occur eg mycobacterium tuberculosis is a necessary cause of Tb
Define health according to WHO
State of complete physical, mental, social well being, not merely absence of disease or infirmity
Name the 5 determinants of diseases
- Biological -physical and mental traits, can’t be altered
- behavioural -lifestyle
- social economic- education, occupation, political
- cultural
- environmental - air, water, housing, lighting ventilation, sanitation
Name the 6 P’s of sustainable development goals and health
People Planet Prosperity Peace Partnership Participation
Define multi-morbidity
Presence of ≥ 2 chronic diseases within an individual
Define complex multi-morbidity
Four or more chronic diseases within an individual
What are political, bureaucrat and coordination aspects of national health system?
• Political = minister and deputy minister
. Bureaucrat = director general
• coordination = National health council
What are political, bureaucrat and coordination aspects of Provincial health system?
- political = member of executive council
- bureaucrat = head of department
- coordination = provincial health council
What are political, bureaucrat and coordination aspects of local/district health system?
Political = member of mayoral council Bureaucrat = executive director Coordination = district health council
Name the 7 tiers of health systems and examples of their services
- home eg promote prenatal and postnatal health , family planning
- Clinic eg antenatal care
- Community health centre eg normal delivery
- District hospital eg uncomplicated cs
5 regional hospital eg premature cs requiring obstetrician - Tertiary hospital eg complicated delivery requiring obstetrician and neonatologist
- Central hospital eg cs in woman with mitral heart disease (kalafong)
Refer in this order
Then specialized hospital eg weskoppies
What are political, bureaucrat and Clinician aspects of central health system?
• Political = hospital board
. Bureaucrat = chief executive officer.
• clinician = clinical head of department
What are political, bureaucrat and Clinician aspects of Regional district and specialised hospital health system?
• Political = hospital board
. Bureaucrat-chief executive officer
• clinician = clinical head of unit
What are political, bureaucrat and Clinician aspects of community health centres
Political = hospital board
Bureaucrat-facility manager
Clinician = medical officer
Name the 6 building blocks of the health system
• Service delivery (where) • Health workforce • information (data) • Medical products, vaccines, technologies • financing . Leadership / governance
Name the 4 intermediate outcome goals of the health system
- Access -finance, how far
- coverage - how many people can come
- quality
- safety
Name the 4 overall goals or outcomes of the health system
• Improved health (.level and equity)
• responsiveness
• social and financial risk protection
. Improved efficiency
How is population level data measured?
Morbidity and mortality
