Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2021 Epi Comps > Epi Methods 751 > Flashcards

Epi Methods 751 Flashcards

1
Q

Occurrence & distribution of health-related events, states, & processes in specified populations; important for monitoring disease & risk factor burden, directing funding, assessing interventions/programs, identifying new health problems

A

Descriptive Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Study of determinants influencing processes

A

Analytical Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sizeable aggregate of people who satisfy particular set of membership criteria; defined by person, place, & time

A

Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Able to experience & measure outcome of interest; biologically susceptible & methodologically under observation

A

At Risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Graphical depiction of times of onset of disease in population

A

Epidemic Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interval from origin to time of onset of clinical illness; summarized as mean/median or graphed

A

Incubation Period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cumulative incidence; proportion of study population who become cases & develop disease by certain time

A

Attack Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Persons exposed to same exposure over limited, defined period of time (1 incubation period); shape of curve rises rapidly, contains definite peak, & gradual decline; cases may appear as wave (secondary transmission)

A

Point Source Epidemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cases of disease serve as source of infection for subsequent cases, which then serve as sources for later cases; shape of curve is series of successively larger peaks until pool of susceptibles exhausted or control measures implemented

A

Propagated Epidemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Substances whose presence/absence may initiate or perpetuate disease process vs. characteristics of individuals (modifiable & non-modifiable) vs. all other social, economic, & biological factors impacting health

A

Agent-Host-Environment Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examines how humans interact with each aspect of environment; identify inter-relationships for single & multi-level models

A

Social-Ecological Framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Loss or attrition of subjects from follow-up; occurrence of event uncertain after this time; reasons include loss to follow-up, competing risk, administrative censoring (end of study)

A

Censoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Group to whom inferences will be made; theoretical; define by person, place, & time

A

Target Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Group from whom study population drawn; well-defined & enumerable; define by person, place, & time

A

Source Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Group studied; must be well-defined & enumerated; define by person, place, & time

A

Study Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disease that hasn’t yet developed signs or symptoms & cannot be detected or diagnosed by test; theoretical

A

Preclinical Outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disease detectable by specific tests but doesn’t yet manifest signs or symptoms; surrogate for clinical disease; may be earlier in disease process (closer to causal pathway)

A

Subclinical Outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disease that manifests signs or symptoms; results more interpretable & applicable to clinical practice; later in disease process

A

Clinical Outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Timely & under investigator control; quality & consistency may be improved; more representative; costly & resource intensive; difficult to sustain

A

Active Ascertainment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dependent on data collected by others; less representative; less costly; easier to sustain; easier to cover large areas

A

Passive Ascertainment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare to gold standard & calculate sensitivity/specificity

A

Measuring Validity for Binary Variables

22
Q

Compare to gold standard & create scatterplot/Bland-Altman plot or calculate correlations (Pearson’s, Spearman’s)/regression

A

Measuring Validity for Continuous Variables

23
Q

Measure of association indicating degree to which 2 variables have linear relationship; r = -1 (perfect negative) vs. r = +1 (perfect positive)

A

Correlation Coefficient

24
Q

Can be misleading measure of agreement; depends on range of data, doesn’t reflect slope, tests Ho of no linear relationship between variables not whether there is agreement

A

Pearson’s Correlation

25
Q

Describes relationship between measure (X) & gold standard (Y); slope = 1 (unbiased) vs. < 1 (measure over-estimates) vs. >1 (measure under-estimates)

A

Regression

26
Q

Compare measured values from multiple replicates to determine extent of random error; calculate Spearman’s/Pearson’s correlation, regression, % agreement, % positive agreement, kappa, CV or create scatterplot, B-A plot

A

Measuring Reliability

27
Q

Compare replicates & calculate percent agreement, percent positive agreement, or kappa

A

Measuring Reliability for Binary/Categorical Variables

28
Q

Compare replicates & calculate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

Measuring Reliability for Ordinal Discrete Factor

29
Q

Sum of agreement cells/total; doesn’t take into account role of chance agreement

A

Percent Agreement

30
Q

[(Observed agreement)-(Agreement Expected by Chance)]/[100-(Agreement Expected by Chance)]; takes into account role of chance agreement

A

Kappa Statistic

31
Q

Compare replicates & create scatterplot/Bland-Altman plot or calculate correlation coefficient/regression/coefficient of variation

A

Measuring Reliability for Continuous Variable

32
Q

Shows agreement between measurements; plot difference against mean; mean of difference not equal to zero line indicates bias vs. points outside limits of agreement indicates random error

A

Bland-Altman Plot

33
Q

SD replicates/mean replicates; typically want <10%

A

Coefficient of Variation

34
Q

Compare measured values to gold standard to determine extent of bias; calculate Spearman’s/Pearson’s correlation, regression, % agreement, % positive agreement, kappa, sensitivity/specificity or create scatterplot, B-A plot

A

Measuring Validity

35
Q

Less costly, easier to design & carry out, monitoring trends over time vs. low sensitivity, limited availability of data, not representative

A

Passive Surveillance

36
Q

Highly sensitive, detailed information, representative vs. costly/resource intensive, difficult to sustain

A

Active Surveillance

37
Q

Population tracking; choose entire population or representative sample to monitor for condition

A

Universal Surveillance

38
Q

Warning signs; choose key location (most susceptible to change) to monitor for condition

A

Sentinel Surveillance

39
Q

A/A+C vs. D/B+D

A

Sensitivity vs. Specificity

40
Q

A/A+B vs. D/C+D

A

Positive vs. Negative Predictive Value

41
Q

Relationship to cumulative incidence when IR constant over time interval & IR*t<0.1

A

R(t)=IRt & R(t)=1-e^(-Sum(IRt))

42
Q

Relationship between prevalence & IR in steady state, constant IR, & disease rare (P<0.1)

A

P=IR*D; D=duration of disease

43
Q

Number of fatal cases/total number of cases, over a given time interval

A

Case Fatality

44
Q

Number of deaths from specific cause/number of deaths from all causes, over a given time interval

A

Proportional Mortality

45
Q

(IR exposed - IR unexposed)/IR exposed or (IRR-1)/IRR; fraction of exposed cases for which exposure responsible for disease

A

Excess Fraction

46
Q

Percentage of cases that would be avoided if exposure eliminated from population; highly dependent on prevalence of exposure in population

A

Population Attributable Fraction

47
Q

Case definition that is more encompassing/less stringent –> more individuals who have outcome counted as cases

A

Higher Sensitivity, Lower Specificity

48
Q

Case definition that is less encompassing/more stringent –> more individuals who don’t have outcome counted as non-cases

A

Lower Sensitivity, Higher Specificity

49
Q

Estimate of time for IR in steady state

A

Midpoint population*time between enumerations

50
Q

The study of the occurrence & distribution of health-related events in specified populations, including study of determinants influencing health states, & application of knowledge to control the health problems

A

Epidemiology

2021 Epi Comps (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions