EPI: Chapter 2

Question 1

Is the study of the distribution of determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

An event, condition, or characteristics that preceded the outcome or disease event and without which the event either would have not occurred at all or would have not occurred until some later time

Answer 2

Causality

Question 3

A factor that causes the problem without any intermediate steps

Answer 3

Direct cause

Question 4

A factor that may cause the problem but with an intermediate factor or step

Answer 4

Indirect cause

Question 5

Each of two variables may reciprocally influence the other

Answer 5

Bidirectional cause

Question 6

A set of factors whose completion inevitably leads to the outcome

Answer 6

Sufficient cause

Question 7

A factor present in every sufficient cause

Answer 7

Necessary cause

Question 8

A factor present in every sufficient cause

Answer 8

Necessary cause

Question 9

If the characteristics of the intervention group and those of the control group are not comparable at the start, any differences between the two groups that appears in results (outcomes) might be caused by assembly bias instead of the intervention itselt

Answer 9

Assembly bias

Question 10

If the characteristics of the intervention group and those of the control group are not comparable at the start, any differences between the two groups that appears in results (outcomes) might be caused by assembly bias instead of the intervention itselt

Answer 10

Assembly bias

Question 11

Results when participants are allowed to select the study group they want to join

Answer 11

Selection bias

Question 12

Occur if investigators choose a nonrandom method of assigning participants to study groups

Answer 12

Allocation bias

Question 13

Maybe the result of the failure to detect a case of disease, a possible causal factor, or an outcome of interest

Answer 13

Detection bias

Question 14

Occur during the collection of baseline or follow-up data

Answer 14

Measurement bias

Question 15

Occur if people who have experienced an adverse event, such as a disease, are more likely to recall previous risk factors than people who have never experienced that event

Answer 15

Recall bias

Question 16

Refers to the extent to which the changes observed in the dependent variables are caused by

Answer 16

Internal validity

Question 17

Refers to generalizability or representativeness of the findings

Answer 17

External validity

Question 18

Specific events or conditions, other than the treatment, may occur between the 1st and 2nd measurement of the participants to produce changes in the dependent variable

Answer 18

History

Question 19

Processes that operate within the participants simply as a function of the passage of time

Answer 19

Maturation

Question 20

Exposure to a pretest may affect participants performance on a 2nd test, regardless of the IV

Answer 20

Testing

Question 21

Changes in the measuring instruments, in the scorers, or in the observers used may produce changes in the obtained measures

Answer 21

Instrumentation

Question 22

If groups are selected on the basis of extreme score, statistical regression may operate to produce an effect that could be mistakenly interpreted as an experimental effect

Answer 22

Regression

Question 23

Important differences may exist between the groups before the independent variable is applied

Answer 23

Differential selection

Question 24

Occurs when there is a differential loss of respondents from comparison groups

Answer 24

Experimental mortality

Question 25

Extravenous variable whose effect influences the relationship of the exposure and outcome of interest

Answer 25

Confounder

Question 26

An exposure, behavior, or attribute that, if present and active, clearly increases the probability of a particular disease occurring in a group of people

Answer 26

Risk factor

Question 27

The relationship between two variables is statistically significant, but no causal relationship

Answer 27

Noncausal association