EOY1 Flashcards
name two types of antibiotics that interfere with DNA replication in bacteria
- Fluroquinolones: taret topoisomerases in resp. and urinary tract infections
- Trimethoprim: target nucleotide synthesis
what is name of disease for failure of healthy bile acid cycle?
what needs to happen for this to occur?
only need failure in ONE transporter (ATP8B1 in hepatocytes) cause this disease
progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC)
- jaundice
- dark urine
- pruritis (severe itching)
- foul smelling fatty stool
failure to thrive
- nause / vomiting
need liver transplant .
what is klinefelter syndrome caused by? symptoms?
Klinefelter syndrome: (47, XXY). Extra X chromosome. Infertile - no sperm produced. Poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics, tall. 1/1000 males
which of the following best describes patau syndrome?
trisomy 21
trisomy 18
trisomy 13
trisomy 11
trisomy 10
which of the following best describes patau syndrome?
trisomy 21
trisomy 18
trisomy 13
trisomy 11
trisomy 10
which of the following best describes edwards syndrome?
trisomy 21
trisomy 18
trisomy 13
trisomy 11
trisomy 10
which of the following best describes edwards syndrome?
trisomy 21
trisomy 18
trisomy 13
trisomy 11
trisomy 10
which of the following best describes Turners syndrome?
45X-
47 XXY
47 XYY
45Y-
which of the following best describes Turners syndrome?
45X-
47 XXY
47 XYY
45Y-
describe Turner syndrome?
Turner syndrome -(45, X) Loss of X chr: 1/5000 females. 99% lost spon. in preg. short. abscence of menstruation (amenorrhea). congenital heart d: 20%. webbed neck
which of the following best describes Klinefelter syndrome
45X-
47 XXY
47 XYY
45Y-
which of the following best describes Klinefelter syndrome
45X-
47 XXY
47 XYY
45Y-
what are the risk factors that are increased bc of Barker Hypothesis? what diseases do they lead to?
- increased adipose tissue, increased lipid accumulation in muscles: type 2 diabetes
- impaired glucose sensing: hyperinsulinemia (means the amount of insulin in your blood is higher than what’s considered normal. )
- leptin resistance in brain (think always hungry): obesity
- lipid accumulation in CV system: CVD
where does DNA methlyation occur? (epigenetics)
- on cytosine: to form methyl-5-cytosine
- specifically on: CPG islands of promoter regions; where cytosine is adjacent to guanine
which of the following is inherited?
histone modification
DNA methylation
micro and small RNAs
chromatin architecture
which of the following is inherited?
histone modification
DNA methylation
micro and small RNAs
chromatin architecture
name enzymes that make histones a) accessible? b) inaccessible
where specifically on the histone does modication occur?
a) histone acetylase (HAT): opens DNA to make it accessible
b) Histone deactylase (HDAC) associated with closing DNA to make it inaccessible
/
modifcation: on lysine and serine
name enzymes that make histones a) accessible? b) inaccessible
where specifically on the histone does modication occur?
a) histone acetylase (HAT): opens DNA to make it accessible
b) Histone deactylase (HDAC) associated with closing DNA to make it inaccessible
/
modifcation: on lysine and serine
on a chromosome - what are the differnces between the G-light band and G-dark band?
G-light: gene rich, GC-rich, early replicating
G-dark: gene poor, AT-rich, late replicating
name and explain two imprinting syndromes?
Prader-Willi / Angelman syndrome
both produced by same genetic mutation. but phenotype is different depending if on male / female
Prader-Willi: (autosomal). deletion is on fathers copy of Chr. 15. region: 15q11-q13. excess weight gain. development delays
Angelman syndrome: deletion of maternal copy Chr. 15. happy demeanour, severe mental b
what are the DNA and RNA start and stop codons?
RNA: start - AUG. (methionine) stop - UAA, UGA, UAG
DNA: start - ATG. stop - TAA, TGA, TAG
-
what does aminoacyl RNA transfer synthase enzyme do?
adds correct amino acids onto the tRNA, via hydrolysis reaction
what is RNA cap made from? which end?
5’ end: 7-methly guanoside and triphosphate linkage
what is the name of structure where centromere and mitotic spindle fuse in metaphase?
kinetochore
what is the difference between kinetochore and centromere?
The main difference between centromere and kinetochore is that centromere is the region where the two sister chromatids are held together after the replication of chromosome where kinetochore is the protein complex on the chromosome where spindle fibers are attached during cell division.15 Mar 2017
Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until which phase, when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until which phase, when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase