Big Boy II

Question 1

what is difference between hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia & anaplasia?

Answer 1

hyperplasia: proliferation of mutated cells:

• •These cells are still technically normal and general architecture is reasonably preserved
• •There is just an excessive number of cells clustered together
• •If it just stays like that, a benign tumour is formed

Metaplasia: This is when a normal cell turns into another normal cell type that is NOT normally found in that location but still has normal morphology

Dysplasia:

• •cells that are either in the hyperplastic phase or metaplastic phase may acquire more mutations
• •start to deviate from its normal morphology and display some (not all) hallmarks of cancer
• •Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.
• •pre-cancerous stage

Anaplasia:

• •Cells are malignant
• •Rapidly dividing cells become genetically unstable
• •They look nothing like the normal cells they once were – they are “undifferentiated”
• •Sometimes described as pleomorphic: cells and their nuclei vary in size and shape

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

whats the difference between exotoxins and endotoxis?

Answer 3

exotoxins: Released from live bacteria. Proteins from both gram-positive and negative bacteria
3 classes:
- Membrane damagers e.g. pore formers
- Enzymes e.g. A-B toxins in tetanus, diphtheria, botulism
- Immune activators e.g. superantigens

endotoxins:
Released when bacteria die.
Lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative bacteria.
Can cause septic shock due to the layer causing massive immune response.

Question 4

what are the different modes of actions for antiobiotics? (2)
what are the spectrums for antiobiotics? (2)

Answer 4

Mode of actions

Bactericidal : Kills bacteria

Bacteriostatic: Inhibit bacterial replication

Spectrum

Broad: both aerobes and anaerobes

Narrow: either aerobes or anaerobes or a specific gram +/-

Question 6

name the 4 steps to determine an acid-balance disurbance

Answer 6

1.Look at the pH

1. •< 7.35 = Acidosis
2. •> 7.45 = Alkalosis

2.Look at the CO2 (Respiratory Indicator)

1. •If pCO2 >6.0 = Acidosis
2. •If pCO2 <4.7 = Alkalosis

3.Look at the HCO3- (Metabolic Indicator)

• If HCO3- <22 = Acidosis
• If HCO3- >26 = Alkalosis

4.Identify the primary disorder

•Metabolic (if HCO3- altered) or Respiratory (if PCO2 altered)