EoY Exam Flashcards
DNA Extraction step 1
Crush
* Breaks open cells and releases the contents.
* (Separates cells and breaks down membrane)
DNA Extraction step 2
Filtrate
* Obtain cell content
DNA Extraction step 3
Alcohol and protease
* Break down nucleur membrane / histone.
DNA Extraction step 4
Ice cold ethanol
* Stops slow enzymes
Histone
DNA wrapped around protein
What are the 4 bases in DNA?
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
Complementary base pairs
The matching bases in DNA
* A always pairs with T
* C always pairs with G
Nucleotide
A phosphate group, a sugar and a base.
Monoma of DNA.
What is the sugar in DNA called, and what shape is it?
Deoxyribose is shaped as a pentagon
What shape is the phosphate group?
Sphere
What is DNA?
It is a polymer made up of many repeated units called monomers joined in a chain.
What is the polymer made up of?
Two strands forming a double helix.
Genes
Small sections of DNA on a chromozone. Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids that fold into a specific protein.
Genome
The entire genetic material of an organism. A human genome usually contains 46 chromozones.
How many bases form 1 amino acid?
A sequence of 3.
Genetic code
The order of bases in DNA that determines which genes we have.
Transcription
The process in which the DNA is used to make an mRNA strand.
Translation
The process in which mRNA is used to make a protein
RNA
A single stranded polymer similar to DNA
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix
Template strand
The DNA strand that the RNA polymerase lines up against to “copy”
mRNA (messenger RNA)
single stranded RNA which carries the genetic code to the ribosome.
Ribosome
The organelle where protein are formed.
Codon
Three bases on the mRNA
tRNA (transfer RNA)
The RNA that carries the amino acids.
Anticodon
Three bases on tRNA
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids (this will eventually fold into a protein).
Why is T replaced with U?
T is too fragile and it will be destroyed by the enzymes in the cytoplasm. It is replaced by U only in RNA.
(DNA) v RNA
*Double stranded
*contains a, t, c, g
*cannot leave the nucleus
DNA v (RNA)
*single stranded
*contains a, u, c, g
*can leave the nucleus
