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Biology Y9 > CT3 > Flashcards

CT3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neurones

A

Nerve cells

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2
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The main part of the brain, it makes up 80% of the brain.
Has a wrinkled surface.
It is divided up into two hemispheres.

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3
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The Cerebral Cortex is divided into two hemispheres.

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain that controls balance, posture, and gross motor skills.

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5
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Part of the brain that controls heart rate, breathing, and vital reflexes.

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6
Q

Reflexes

A

Reactions that you cannot control.

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7
Q

CT Scan

A

Uses X-rays to build a 3D picture of structures.(S)

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8
Q

PET Scan

A

A scan that uses radioactive materials such as glucose. Taken in more active areas. (F)

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9
Q

MRI scans

A

Uses magnetic resinence for structural and functional investigations.

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10
Q

RX (X-rays)

A

Go through tissues/show bones, tumors.(S)

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11
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

Interconnected neurones

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12
Q

What parts of the body does each cerebral hemisphere control?

A

They control the opposite sides of the body.

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13
Q

Spinal cord problems

A
  • Injuries caused by force
  • Tumors
  • Genetic defect
  • Compression or cutting of nerves
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14
Q

What happens if the lower part of the spinal cord is damaged?

A

Loss of feeling and movement in legs

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15
Q

What happens if the upper part of the spinal cord is damaged?

A

Loss of use of arms and legs
= Quadriplegia

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16
Q

What are the treatments for (brain) cancer

A
  • Surgical removal of tumor.
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
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17
Q

Tumor

A

Growth of abnormal cells

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18
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Use of ionizing radiation to treat diseases such as Cancer.

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19
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of drugs to treat diseases such as cancer. (injecting the drugs)

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20
Q

What are the cons of chemotherapy?

A
  • Many side effects.
  • May not work due to the blood brain barrier.
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21
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Natural filter that prevents the entry of some things into the brain.

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22
Q

What is another way to investigate brain and spinal cord problems?

A

Using electrodes to stimulate certain areas.

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23
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the surrounding environment.

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24
Q

Sense organs

A

An organ that contains receptors.

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25
Q

Receptor cells

A

Specialized cells that detect a change in the environment.

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26
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The part of the nervous system made up of the brain an spinal cord.

27
Q

Sensory neurone

A

A neurone that carries an electrical impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system.

28
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty layer that surrounds neurones and speeds up impulses and stops the electrical impulse from being lost.

29
Q

Examples of a stimulus

A
  • Light
  • Sound
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
30
Q

Examples of receptors

A
  • Eye
  • Ear
  • Skin
31
Q

What are some important jobs that the nervous system does?

A
  • Brain growth/development
  • Senses
  • Perceptions
  • Emotions & thoughts
  • Memory
  • Balance & posture
  • Sleep
32
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They receive impulses from receptor cells.

33
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

They pass impulses to other neurones.

34
Q

Retina

A

Where the light sensitive cells are found. (layers or cones and rods)

35
Q

Cornea

A

Clear, colourless covering at the front of the eye that bends/focuses the lights.

36
Q

Optic nerve

A

A sensory neurone that takes messages from the retina to the brain.

37
Q

Rods

A

Detect low levels of light (small light intensity).

38
Q

Cones

A

Detect high light intensities (colour).

39
Q

Pupil

A

A hole at the front of the eye.

40
Q

Iris

A

The coloured part of the eye containing muscles that contract and relax to open and close the pupil.

41
Q

Lens

A

A transparent jelly-like structure that fine tunes the focusing of the light.

42
Q

Cataract

A

Protein that builds up in the lens causing cloudy eyes and vision.

43
Q

Effectors

A

The part of the body that carries out the action.

44
Q

Motor Neurones

A

A type of neurone that carries electrical impulses to effectors.

45
Q

Replay Neurones

A

A type of neurone that links neurones together (found in the spinal cord).

46
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurones.

47
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The chemical that is released at the synapse (tiny gap).

48
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic response to a stimulus.

49
Q

Reflex Arc

A

The pathway taken by impulses in a reflex reaction - Sensory, relay, motor neurone.

50
Q

What is the point of every reflex action in the body?

A

To protect the body from harm.

51
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction that involves fertilization of a female sex cell (egg cell)

52
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction without fertilization - the offspring are clones (genetically identical)

53
Q

Variation

A

Differences within organisms

54
Q

What organisms can reproduce sexually and asexually?

A
  • Plants (strawberries)
  • Insects (Aphids)
  • Invertebrates
55
Q

Which form of reproduction is quicker?

A

Asexual reproduction

56
Q

Advantages to sexual reproduction

A
  • More variation
57
Q

Disadvantages to sexual reproduction

A
  • Slow
  • Need a mate
  • Needs fertile adults
  • Needs energy
58
Q

Advantages to asexual reproduction

A
  • Quick
  • No mates required
59
Q

Disadvantages to asexual reproduction

A
  • Less variation
  • Less likely to adapt
60
Q

Genome

A

All of the DNA in an organism.

61
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs).

62
Q

Haploid

A

One set of chromosomes (23 single chromosomes).

63
Q

Daughter cells

A

Cells that are produced as a result of meiosis

64
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg cell

Biology Y9 (3 decks)

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