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Biology Y9 > CT1 > Flashcards

CT1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth percentiles

A

(How growth in babies is monitored)
Statistical numbers showing the distribution of weights/lengths of babies in a certain population

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2
Q

What happens in telephase?

A

The nuclei start to reform

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3
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The cell is between cell divisions

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4
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Spindle fibres form in the cell and the nucleus membrane starts to disappear

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A form of Asexual reproduction where parent cells duplicate and form identical offspring.
= clones of the parent

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6
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce cells who can differentiate and perform different functions

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7
Q

Variations of characteristics

A

A different version of the same characteristic. e.g. the colour of flowers in plants, leaf shape and position, height, resistance to drought.

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8
Q

What are Alleles?

A
  • (Different versions of the same gene)
  • The DNA contains 2 versions of code for each characteristic.
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9
Q

Genotype

A
  • All the genes in an organism
  • The pair of genes
  • Alleles that code for a specific characteristic
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10
Q

Phenotype

A

How a characteristic appears/manifests in an organism.

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11
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
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12
Q

The meter scale

A

1 meter = standard unit
10 deci = 10’1 dm
100 centi = 10’2 cm
1000 mili = 10’3 mm
10’6 = micrometer
10’9 = nano - nm
10’12 = pico

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects/maintains shape

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14
Q

Specialised cells

A

Cells adapted to perform a certain job/function

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15
Q

Adapted

A

Have the right shape/structure/size/content to help them do their job

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane extensions that move the egg along the oviduct to the uterus

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17
Q

Cell cycle

A

Process that cells go through from being made to making new cells

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18
Q

How to work out calculation of magnification

A

Eye piece lense x objective lense

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19
Q

6 main parts of a microscope

A
  • eye piece
  • focus knobs
  • slide
  • cover slip
  • stage
  • lenses
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20
Q

Magnification definition

A

The number of times the image is larger than the specimen (object)

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell, contains DNA (chromosomes).

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22
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis takes place.
(contains chlorophyll, stores sap)

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23
Q

Sap

A

Water minerals nutrients

24
Q

Offsping

A

A new generation of organisms (the youth)

25
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Dead cells connected together to make a tube that transports water from the root to the leaf

26
Q

Percentage growth formula

A

final value - starting value, divided by starting value, x 100

27
Q

Why does Mitosis need to take place in cells?

A

To repair
To grow

28
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

A cell membrane divides the cells

29
Q

What can rapid cell division result in?

A

Mutations and produce cancerous cells. These multiply out of control forming tumours

30
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Duplicate DNA ->
cell division = 2 individual smaller cells

31
Q

Bacteria
(MRS GREN)

A

M - Flagellum
R - Plasmid
S - Cell wall
G - Ribosomes
R - Daughter cells
E - Cell membrane
N - Enzymes

32
Q

What do bacteria not have?

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplasts
33
Q

Acrosome

A

Tip of the sperm cell

34
Q

Oviduct

A

Tube that the egg cell moves along

35
Q

Haploid

A

(Egg cells and sperm cells are haploid)
Only have half the DNA of a normal cell

36
Q

Diploid

A

A cell with a full set of chromozomes

37
Q

Fertilization

A

The process of the sperm and egg cells combining to form an EMBRYO

38
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells:
- sperm cells
- egg cells (ovum)

39
Q

Micronili

A

Adaptions in the shape of hair like extensions of the cell membrane in the digestion track. They increase the surface area.

40
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking down food to extract nutrients

41
Q

Eucariotic cells

A
  • Have nucleus
  • more complex
  • some cellular structures called organelles
42
Q

Prokariotic cells

A
  • No nucleus
  • DNA forms in circular plasmids
  • mainly bacteria
43
Q

Resolution definition

A

The detail shown by the image. The distance between two separate pixels.

44
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytocenisis
45
Q

MERISTEM

A
  • Not specialized
  • Divides cells fast via mitosis
46
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesizes protein
(makes new protein for the cells)

47
Q

Mitochondria

A

“power house” of the cell, where aerobic respiration takes place (nutrients are oxidised)

48
Q

Enzymes

A

Special substances that break down large molecules from the egg membrane, found in the tip of the sperm cell (acrosome)

49
Q

Heterozygous

A

A pair of alleles for a characteristic has one dominant gene and one recessive gene

50
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles in the pair of genes for a characteristic are the same e.g. 2 dominant or 2 recessive

51
Q

Recessive

A

A gene that is “weaker” and will only be expressed in the phenotype when there are two recessive genes in the genotype

52
Q

Dominant

A

A gene that always manifests (is expressed) in the phenotype

53
Q

What are the 2 gene types?

A
  • Dominant
  • Recessive
54
Q

Differentiation

A

The process that changes less specialized cells into cells with specific characteristics and functions.
(normal cells into specialized cells)

55
Q

What happens in anophase?

A

The chromozones are pulled apart by the spindle fibres

56
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

The chromozones are copied

Biology Y9 (3 decks)

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