CT1 Flashcards
Growth percentiles
(How growth in babies is monitored)
Statistical numbers showing the distribution of weights/lengths of babies in a certain population
What happens in telephase?
The nuclei start to reform
What happens in metaphase?
The cell is between cell divisions
What happens in prophase?
Spindle fibres form in the cell and the nucleus membrane starts to disappear
What is Mitosis?
A form of Asexual reproduction where parent cells duplicate and form identical offspring.
= clones of the parent
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce cells who can differentiate and perform different functions
Variations of characteristics
A different version of the same characteristic. e.g. the colour of flowers in plants, leaf shape and position, height, resistance to drought.
What are Alleles?
- (Different versions of the same gene)
- The DNA contains 2 versions of code for each characteristic.
Genotype
- All the genes in an organism
- The pair of genes
- Alleles that code for a specific characteristic
Phenotype
How a characteristic appears/manifests in an organism.
What are the two types of cells?
- Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotic
The meter scale
1 meter = standard unit
10 deci = 10’1 dm
100 centi = 10’2 cm
1000 mili = 10’3 mm
10’6 = micrometer
10’9 = nano - nm
10’12 = pico
Cell wall
Protects/maintains shape
Specialised cells
Cells adapted to perform a certain job/function
Adapted
Have the right shape/structure/size/content to help them do their job
Cilia
Membrane extensions that move the egg along the oviduct to the uterus
Cell cycle
Process that cells go through from being made to making new cells
How to work out calculation of magnification
Eye piece lense x objective lense
6 main parts of a microscope
- eye piece
- focus knobs
- slide
- cover slip
- stage
- lenses
Magnification definition
The number of times the image is larger than the specimen (object)
Nucleus
Controls the cell, contains DNA (chromosomes).
Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis takes place.
(contains chlorophyll, stores sap)
Sap
Water minerals nutrients
Offsping
A new generation of organisms (the youth)
Xylem tissue
Dead cells connected together to make a tube that transports water from the root to the leaf
Percentage growth formula
final value - starting value, divided by starting value, x 100
Why does Mitosis need to take place in cells?
To repair
To grow
What happens in cytokinesis?
A cell membrane divides the cells
What can rapid cell division result in?
Mutations and produce cancerous cells. These multiply out of control forming tumours
How does bacteria reproduce?
Duplicate DNA ->
cell division = 2 individual smaller cells
Bacteria
(MRS GREN)
M - Flagellum
R - Plasmid
S - Cell wall
G - Ribosomes
R - Daughter cells
E - Cell membrane
N - Enzymes
What do bacteria not have?
- Mitochondria
- Nucleus
- Chloroplasts
Acrosome
Tip of the sperm cell
Oviduct
Tube that the egg cell moves along
Haploid
(Egg cells and sperm cells are haploid)
Only have half the DNA of a normal cell
Diploid
A cell with a full set of chromozomes
Fertilization
The process of the sperm and egg cells combining to form an EMBRYO
Gametes
Reproductive cells:
- sperm cells
- egg cells (ovum)
Micronili
Adaptions in the shape of hair like extensions of the cell membrane in the digestion track. They increase the surface area.
Digestion
The process of breaking down food to extract nutrients
Eucariotic cells
- Have nucleus
- more complex
- some cellular structures called organelles
Prokariotic cells
- No nucleus
- DNA forms in circular plasmids
- mainly bacteria
Resolution definition
The detail shown by the image. The distance between two separate pixels.
What are the stages of Mitosis?
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Cytocenisis
MERISTEM
- Not specialized
- Divides cells fast via mitosis
Ribosomes
Synthesizes protein
(makes new protein for the cells)
Mitochondria
“power house” of the cell, where aerobic respiration takes place (nutrients are oxidised)
Enzymes
Special substances that break down large molecules from the egg membrane, found in the tip of the sperm cell (acrosome)
Heterozygous
A pair of alleles for a characteristic has one dominant gene and one recessive gene
Homozygous
Both alleles in the pair of genes for a characteristic are the same e.g. 2 dominant or 2 recessive
Recessive
A gene that is “weaker” and will only be expressed in the phenotype when there are two recessive genes in the genotype
Dominant
A gene that always manifests (is expressed) in the phenotype
What are the 2 gene types?
- Dominant
- Recessive
Differentiation
The process that changes less specialized cells into cells with specific characteristics and functions.
(normal cells into specialized cells)
What happens in anophase?
The chromozones are pulled apart by the spindle fibres
What happens in interphase?
The chromozones are copied
