- (Different versions of the same gene) - The DNA contains 2 versions of code for each characteristic.

- All the genes in an organism - The pair of genes - Alleles that code for a specific characteristic

CT1 Flashcards by Dare Cross

Growth percentiles

(How growth in babies is monitored)
Statistical numbers showing the distribution of weights/lengths of babies in a certain population

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What happens in telephase?

The nuclei start to reform

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What happens in metaphase?

The cell is between cell divisions

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What happens in prophase?

Spindle fibres form in the cell and the nucleus membrane starts to disappear

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What is Mitosis?

A form of Asexual reproduction where parent cells duplicate and form identical offspring.
= clones of the parent

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Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce cells who can differentiate and perform different functions

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Variations of characteristics

A different version of the same characteristic. e.g. the colour of flowers in plants, leaf shape and position, height, resistance to drought.

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What are Alleles?

(Different versions of the same gene)
The DNA contains 2 versions of code for each characteristic.

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Genotype

All the genes in an organism
The pair of genes
Alleles that code for a specific characteristic

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Phenotype

How a characteristic appears/manifests in an organism.

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What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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The meter scale

1 meter = standard unit
10 deci = 10’1 dm
100 centi = 10’2 cm
1000 mili = 10’3 mm
10’6 = micrometer
10’9 = nano - nm
10’12 = pico

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Cell wall

Protects/maintains shape

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Specialised cells

Cells adapted to perform a certain job/function

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Adapted

Have the right shape/structure/size/content to help them do their job

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Cilia

Membrane extensions that move the egg along the oviduct to the uterus

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Cell cycle

Process that cells go through from being made to making new cells

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How to work out calculation of magnification

Eye piece lense x objective lense

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6 main parts of a microscope

eye piece
focus knobs
slide
cover slip
stage
lenses

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Magnification definition

The number of times the image is larger than the specimen (object)

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Nucleus

Controls the cell, contains DNA (chromosomes).

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Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis takes place.
(contains chlorophyll, stores sap)

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Sap

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Water minerals nutrients

Offsping

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A new generation of organisms (the youth)

Xylem tissue

Dead cells connected together to make a tube that transports water from the root to the leaf

Percentage growth formula

final value - starting value, divided by starting value, x 100

Why does Mitosis need to take place in cells?

To repair To grow

What happens in cytokinesis?

A cell membrane divides the cells

What can rapid cell division result in?

Mutations and produce cancerous cells. These multiply out of control forming tumours

How does bacteria reproduce?

Duplicate DNA -> cell division = 2 individual smaller cells

Bacteria (MRS GREN)

M - Flagellum R - Plasmid S - Cell wall G - Ribosomes R - Daughter cells E - Cell membrane N - Enzymes

What do bacteria not have?

- Mitochondria - Nucleus - Chloroplasts

Acrosome

Tip of the sperm cell

Oviduct

Tube that the egg cell moves along

Haploid

(Egg cells and sperm cells are haploid) Only have half the DNA of a normal cell

Diploid

A cell with a full set of chromozomes

Fertilization

The process of the sperm and egg cells combining to form an EMBRYO

Gametes

Reproductive cells: - sperm cells - egg cells (ovum)

Micronili

Adaptions in the shape of hair like extensions of the cell membrane in the digestion track. They increase the surface area.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food to extract nutrients

Eucariotic cells

- Have nucleus - more complex - some cellular structures called organelles

Prokariotic cells

- No nucleus - DNA forms in circular plasmids - mainly bacteria

Resolution definition

The detail shown by the image. The distance between two separate pixels.

What are the stages of Mitosis?

- Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytocenisis

MERISTEM

- Not specialized - Divides cells fast via mitosis

Ribosomes

Synthesizes protein (makes new protein for the cells)

Mitochondria

"power house" of the cell, where aerobic respiration takes place (nutrients are oxidised)

Enzymes

Special substances that break down large molecules from the egg membrane, found in the tip of the sperm cell (acrosome)

Heterozygous

A pair of alleles for a characteristic has one dominant gene and one recessive gene

Homozygous

Both alleles in the pair of genes for a characteristic are the same e.g. 2 dominant or 2 recessive

Recessive

A gene that is "weaker" and will only be expressed in the phenotype when there are two recessive genes in the genotype

Dominant

A gene that always manifests (is expressed) in the phenotype

What are the 2 gene types?

- Dominant - Recessive

Differentiation

The process that changes less specialized cells into cells with specific characteristics and functions. (normal cells into specialized cells)

What happens in anophase?

The chromozones are pulled apart by the spindle fibres

What happens in interphase?

The chromozones are copied

CT1 Flashcards

(56 cards)