Eoc Review Flashcards
What type of scientific resources are reliable and which are not
Reliable sources: edu, .gov, scientific journals
Unreliable: wiki, back of cereal boxes
How are scientific inferences in biology made?
observations, then logical inferences
What is science
an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
What is pseudoscience
Fake science
How is a theory developed
when strong information is consistent but cannot be proven
How are theories and laws different
Theories cannot be proven, but laws can be proven time and time again
What are the four macromolecules?
-Carbohydrates
Proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids
Primary function for carbohydrates?
used for energy and structural purposes
primary function of proteins?
control reaction rate, help fight diseases
primary function of lipids?
-fat, oils, waxes used to store energy
primary function of nucleic acids?
store and transmit hereditary or genetic info (DNA/RNA)
Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction
by lowering the activation energies, which has a dramatic effect on how quickly reactions are completed
What happens to an enzyme if the environment changes?
they might slow down chemical reactions
Explain the cell theory
All living things are made up of cells, cells are produced from existing cells, & cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things
Compare and contrast the structures found in plant cells and animal cells
Animal cells don’t have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. They are both eukaryotic cells
Compare and contrast the structures found in prokaryotic cells & in eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes: smaller and simpler (bacteria)
Eukaryotes: larger and more complex, many specialized structures w/ different jobs (plants, animals, fungi)
Explain the role of the cell membrane during active and passive transport
Cell membrane in passive transport:
movement of materials across membrane WITHOUT using energy
Cell membrane in active transport:
Movement of materials against a concentration difference that REQUIRES energy
What are the prokaryote structures and their functions?
Cell Wall: supporting layer surrounding cell And adding protection.
Cell Membrane: in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves cell.
Cytoplasm: the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus, gives cell it’s shape
Plasmid: found in bacteria and used in DNA to transfer genes between cells
Ribosomes: particles of RNA and protein found in the cytoplasm
Flagella: tail on sperm used for swimming
What are the eukaryote structures and their functions?
Cell wall: supporting layer surrounding cell and adding protection
Cell membrane: in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves cell
Cytoplasm: the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus, gives cell it’s shape
Nucleus:
Explain what happens when a cell is placed in the following solutions: hypertonic , hypotonic , and isotonic
Hypertonic: shrinks
Hypotonic: gets bigger
Isotonic: stays the same
Identify ways a scientific claim is evaluated
Journals, critical and logical thinking, scientific arguments, and consideration of alternative explanation
Explain how photosynthesis stores energy
converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy used by the plant
Explain how cellular respiration releases energy
Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
What are the reactants for photosynthesis? The products?
Glucose O2 oxygen
What is the purpose of photosynthesis
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
What are the reactants for cellular respiration? the products?
Oxygen and glucose ATP
What is aerobic respiration
Release energy for cells from glucose; needs oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
Using electrons acceptors other than oxygen
What is the function of ATP?
Used to store and release energy
Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis= is the phase of the cell cycle where cell divisions occur. Meiosis= produces only sex cells, divides, and sexual production
What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
Crossing over, 2 cellular divisions
What happens during each stage of the cell cycle? (G1, S, G2, M)
G1= cell growth
S= DNA replication
G2=preparation for division
M= mitosis
What happens during each stage of mitosis? (PMAT?) (cytokinesis?)
Prophase- chromosome duplicated
Metaphase- chromos line up across the middle of the cell, spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the centrioles of the cell
Anaphase-centromeres are pulled apart & the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes, chromos separate into 2 groups
Telophase- chromos spread out into chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromos, spindle breaks
Cytokinesis- final step, completely separates daughters from each other
Understand that cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Cancer uncontrolled cell growth may result from mutations that affect proteins
Describe the process of meiosis including independent assortment and crossing over
Homologous pair, crossing over gametes
What kind of cells can result from meiosis?
Cancer cells
What are dominant traits? Recessive traits?
Dominant- 1 parent has a dominant allele, the offspring will exhibit that trait
Recessive- allele for the offspring to exhibit the trait
What is the P generation? F1 generation? F2 generation?
P- first generation
P1- the 1st generation of offspring
F2- when p1 is fertilized
What is Mendels law of segregation? Independent assortment?
Law of Seg.- separation of alleles during gamete formation gametes combine to form four possible offspring
Independent assort.- alleles will separate independently producing offspring differently from parent
Describe the process of DNA replication
Before cell can divide it has to make a copy of it’s DNA so that each daughter cell will have a copy
What are mutations? Insertions? Deletions? Inversion?
Mutations: Heritable changes in genetic info
Insertion: 1 base pair added to DNA strand
Deletions: 3 base pairs removed from DNA strand
Explain how mutations may it may not result in a phenotypic change
Environmental change can cause rapid phenotypic change
Process of transcription? Translation?
Transcription: process where DNA strands produce RNA strands (in nucleus) & unzips the DNA strands to produce RNA
Translation: process where ribosomes build proteins in cytoplasm
What are the bask components of DNA?
Nucleic acids join to form nucleotides which form DNA. DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous bases:
1 adenine
2 guanine
3 cytosine
4 thymineUnderstand how similarities in the genetic codes of organisms are due to common ancestry & the process of inheritance
Genetic codes are a set of rules by which info encoded in genetic materials is translated
Explain the possible impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and environment
By parental survival and knowledge of the environment
How does the fossil record support the theory of evolution?
Fossils show that life in the past has progressed in a series of forms
How does comparative anatomy support the theory of evolution
that various organisms share a common ancestor
How does comparative embryology support the theory of evolution?
Fish, bird, rabbit and human embryo appear the same in early stages
How does biogeography support the theory of evolution?
Where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived in the past
