Biology Midterm Flashcards
What is pseudoscience?
Fake science; astrology
What is science?
Study of the natural world
How is a theory developed?
many different experiments are performed and repeated
How are theories and laws different?
- theories are well tested explanations that are constantly revised
- laws are a well supported description that cannot be changed
Compare and contrast the structure & function of a compound microscope, dissecting microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Compound: contains two types of lenses that magnify an object
Dissecting: used to observe and dissect small organisms
Scanning: creates image of the surface of the object in 3-D
Transmission: Focus electron beam, highest magnification, used to look inside specimen,2-D image
Hydrogen Bond
The attraction between water molecules
Polar
Polar covalent bond: occurs when electrons are not shared equally
Cohesion
The property of water making it attracted to other water molecules via hydrogen bonding
Heat Capacity
Because of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, it takes a large amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of the water
Cell Wall
strong supporting layer surrounding the cell membrane and provides extra protection
Cell Membrane
is in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm
The fluid portion if the cell outside the nucleus, gives the cell it’s shape
Nucleus
stores genetic material & controls a cells activities
Nuclear Envelope
the membrane that goes around the nucleus
Nucleolus
is where the assembly of ribosomes begins
Chromatin
a complex of nucleic acids and proteins which condenses to form a chromosome during cell division
Ribosome
Ribosomes produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
Production and sorting of materials in the cell.
2 parts: Rough- contains ribosomes and is responsible for producing proteins
Smooth- does not contain ribosomes, responsible for synthesis of lipids and detox of drugs
Microtubules
renders intercellular shape & involved in locomotion and transport
Microfilaments
provide structural support for eukaryotic cells
Vacuoles
Store materials like water, salt, and carbs
What are the 4 basic macromolecules?
1 Carbohydrates
2 Proteins
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
plants & animals use carbs as their main source of energy. also use for structural purposes.
Lipids
can be used to store energy when you run out of carbs.
Nucleic Acids
store and transmit hereditary or genetic info; DNA & RNA
Proteins
control the rate of reactions, form cellular structures, & help fight diseases
How do enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical reaction?
they lower the activation energy
What happens to an enzyme if the environment changes?
any change will decrease the rate of an enzyme
Explain the cell theory
- All living things are made up of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells
