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Exams > EOC/BioMedical part 2 > Flashcards

EOC/BioMedical part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in an average human cell?

A

23 (48 total chromosomes)

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2
Q

What genotype means male?

A

XY

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3
Q

Chromosome pairs 1-22 are considered?

A

Autosomes

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4
Q

_____ are Chromosomes that so not determine a person’s sex, but code for every other protein in the body?

A

Autosomes

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5
Q

_____ determines you sex?

A

Sex chromosomes

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6
Q

The _____ are on the 23rd pair of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes

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7
Q

What genotype means female?

A

XX

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8
Q

A _____ is a strand of DNA wrapped around histone proteins?

A

Nucleosome

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9
Q

Chromosomes in the nucleus are made of _____, which are made of nucleosomes?

A

Coils

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10
Q

The DNA is made up _____?

A

Genes

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11
Q

Genes are made up of _____?

A

Base pairs

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12
Q

What is the genetic material for life because it stores genetic information?

A

DNA

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13
Q

A _____ is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause a change in the production of a protein.

A

Mutation

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14
Q

In _____ some red blood ells will not be able to carry as much oxygen, but it also protects you against malaria?

A

Sickle cell disease

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15
Q

_____occurs in the somatic cells?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

_____ are all the cells in your body except sperm and egg?

A

Somatic cells

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17
Q

_____ occurs in gamete or sex cells?

A

Meiosis

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18
Q

_____ occurs in the ovaries or the testes?

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

_____ are a pair of chromosomes with a similar location, dimensions, and structure?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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20
Q

_____ is characteristic that can be passed down genetically from only one parent?

A

Dominant trait

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21
Q

What is examples of a dominant trait?

A
  • Freckles
  • Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
  • Unattached Earlobes
  • Dwarfism
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22
Q

_____ s a characteristic that must be passed down genetically by both genetically by both parents in order for the offspring to get the trait?

A

Recessive trait

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23
Q

What is examples of a recessive trait?

A
  • Attached earlobes
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Hemophilia
  • Phenylktonuria (PKU)
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24
Q

Homozygous dominant genotype?

A

AA

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25
Q

Homozygous recessive genotype?

A

aa

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26
Q

Heterozygous genotype?

A

Aa

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27
Q

_____ show how a disease is passed from one generation to the next? And are basically a family tree that shows who has a specific trait for a specific disorder/disease.

A

Pedigrees

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28
Q

_____ all decide most of your traits and which traits you inherit from your parents?

A

Genes, chromosomes, and alleles

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29
Q

_____ are a specific strands of DNA that code for proteins.

A

Genes

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30
Q

Each parent gives one ____ and ____ are made up of lots of genes?

A

Chromosome and chromosomes

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31
Q

_____ are specific genes that code for proteins and determine what trait you have?

A

Alleles

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32
Q

Each parent can give you either a dominant or a recessive allele on the chromosome, which determines your _____?

A

Phenotype

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33
Q

Your heredity or inheritance can be tracked through a _____?

A

Pedigree

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34
Q

If you have a specific disease or know you have or are a carrier for a genetic disease a _____ can help determine whether your children will have it? It also can determine if your relatives are carriers or have the disease.

A

Pedigree

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35
Q

A ______ is a trait that overrides other alleles?

A

Dominant trait

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36
Q

Possible dominant genotypes are?

A

AA or Aa

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37
Q

Three examples of a dominant trait?

A

Dimples, freckles, and unattached earlobes

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38
Q

A ______ is a trait that must be expressed by both alleles.

A

Recessive traits

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39
Q

The only possible genotype for a recessive trait?

A

aa

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40
Q

Three examples of a recessive trait?

A

Hitchhikers thumb, color blindness, and hemophilia

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41
Q

_____ us peoples genotypes to determine the probability that they’re offspring will receive a certain trait or disease?

A

Punnett Squares

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42
Q

_____ can influence decisions on whether people want to have children or not?

A

Punnett Squares

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43
Q

Cells make up what, which make up what?

A

Cells make up tissues, which make up organs

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44
Q

What is the smallest units of life?

A

Cells

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45
Q

Tissue is a group of what?

A

Cells

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46
Q

What is the tissue that makes up the heart?

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue. It is the strongest muscle in the body because it has to pump blood constantly

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47
Q

Heart cells make up what?

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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48
Q

What system is the heart part of?

A

The Cardiovascular System

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49
Q

There are 2 kinds of vessels, what are they?

A

Arteries and Veins

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50
Q

What do arteries do with blood?

A

Take it from the heart to the body

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51
Q

What do veins do with blood?

A

Take blood back to the heart

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52
Q

What are 2 examples of arteries?

A

Pulmonary Arteries and Aorta

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53
Q

What are 2 examples of veins in the heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava

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54
Q

What are two kinds of valves?

A

Atrioventricular and Semilunar

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55
Q

What valve allows/pumps blood to go from the atrium to the ventricle?

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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56
Q

What valve allow/pumps blood from the ventricles into the body?

A

Semilunar Valves

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57
Q

What are examples of atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve

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58
Q

What are examples of semilunar valves?

A

The aortic valve and the pulmonary valve

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59
Q

What are 2 kinds of chambers?

A

The ventricles and the atrium

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60
Q

The atrium is part of the heart where what happens?

A

Veins drop off blood and it is the entrance to the heart

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61
Q

The atrium pushes blood through what?

A

A valve into the ventricle. The heart then pumps the blood through a valve into the ventricles and tot the lungs or to the heart.

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62
Q

What are the main chambers in the heart?

A

The right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle

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63
Q

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated?

A

The right side

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64
Q

Which side of the heart is oxygenated?

A

The left side

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65
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood where?

A

To the body, which is when oxygen is delivered

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66
Q

The right side of the heart does what?

A

Pumps blood, which it recieves from the superior/inferior vena cava, to the lungs so that it can be pick up oxygen.

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67
Q

What is a pulse?

A

A rhythmic beat created by the expansion and contraction of the arteries, which causes blood to be pumped around the body,

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68
Q

A pulse is caused by what?

A

An electrical signal that runs through your heart causing it to contract.

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69
Q

What is Carotid Pulse?

A

It is a method of taking pulse to find how much blood you are pumping per minute.

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70
Q

Your pulse can be found on your neck, which is where what is?

A

Where the carotid artery is located

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71
Q

What is Radial Pulse?

A

Is another way to take your pulse. It is taken on your wrist. To take this pulse you use your index and middle finger

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72
Q

When using Carotid Pulse, how do you do it?

A

You use your index finger and middle finger to take the pulse because your thumb has its own distinct pulse

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73
Q

What is the typical heart rate?

A

60-80 beats per minute

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74
Q

What does it mean when your pulse is too high?

A

It means you have tachycardia

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75
Q

What does it mean when your pulse is lower than normal?

A

It means you are physical fit. This is good because it can decrease your risk of heart disease and a heart attack in the future

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76
Q

What is happening when the heart is being compressed?

A

The heart is experiencing the most systolic pressure. During this time the blood is being pushed into the arteries.

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77
Q

What is the stage in which systolic pressure is the greatest?

A

Systole

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78
Q

When taking blood pressure, systolic pressure is the what?

A

The first number and is always higher than diastolic pressure

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79
Q

What do you use to find blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

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80
Q

On a sphygmomanometer, the first time you hear the pulse it is the what?

A

Systolic Pressure

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81
Q

What is the heart doing when it is relaxed?

A

The heart is experiencing the most diastolic pressure

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82
Q

While the heart is relaxed, what is going on in the heart?

A

The hearts chambers, more specifically the ventricles, are filling up with blood.

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83
Q

What is the stage known as when the heart is relaxed?

A

Diastole

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84
Q

When taking blood pressure, diastolic pressure is what?

A

The second number and is always the lower of the 2 numbers

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85
Q

While using the sphymomanometer, diastolic pressure is the number at which you hear what?

A

The last pulse

86
Q

What is the goal of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Is to get oxygen from the lungs so that it can enter the systemic circuit

87
Q

What happens during pulmonary circulation?

A

First, the blood picks up oxygen molecules and goes back into the left atrium where it can be pumped through the left ventricle and out the aorta. After pumped through the aorta it starts the systemic circuit.

88
Q

The right side of your heart is ______ than the left side? Why?

A

Smaller. Because it only has to pump to the lungs, whereas the right side pumps to your whole body

89
Q

What is the goal of the systemic circuit?

A

To transport oxygen to the body

90
Q

What happens during systemic circulation?

A

After it delivers the oxygen it reports back to the right atrium where it is pushed through the ventricle and then back to the pulmonary arteries where it restarts the pulmonary circuit. So, the constant blood flow goes back and forth from the left side to the right side.

91
Q

How many times does the systemic circulation happen every day?

A

Repeats thousands of times

92
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

Too much sodium in your diet, lack of exercise, being overweight, stress, and smoking/alcohol consumption

93
Q

Why does the heart beat?

A

It beats due to the electrical system that runs through it

94
Q

How does your heart beat?

A

First, the Sinoatrial node sends a signal for the heart to beat. This occurs in the right atrium and the signal continues until it reaches the Atrioventricular node.

95
Q

What happens at the AV nodes?

A

At the AV node, the signal pauses in order for the atria to contract. Then , the electricity continues down into the AV bundle or the Bundle of His. This allows the signal to branch in two.

96
Q

The bundle carries the two signals where?

A

Down the septum for the left and tight ventricle. Then, as the current continues, it travels to the apex and then spreads on the ventricular walls. Finally, it reaches the Purkinje fibers.

97
Q

Where are the Purkinje fibers?

A

In the ventricular walls.

98
Q

What do the Purkinje fibers allow?

A

Allows the ventricular muscles to strongly contract in unison

99
Q

A pacemaker can replace what? Why?

A

The SA node because it starts the electrical current throughout your heart?

100
Q

What is SA nodes?

A

Sinoatrial nodes

101
Q

What is AV nodes?

A

Atriocentricular nodes

102
Q

The electrical system and your pulse can be tracked through a what?

A

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

103
Q

What does EKG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

104
Q

During each stage of the electrocardiogram, what ocuurs?

A

A change

105
Q

The P phase on the EKG is what?

A

The time when the atrium contracts and the heart becomes electro-polarized

106
Q

During the QRS stage, whats happening?

A

The ventricles are contracting

107
Q

During the T stage, whats happening?

A

The ventricles become repolarized

108
Q

How fast do stages P, QRS, and T happen?

A

From 0.5-0.7 seconds

109
Q

The length between the R-R is what?

A

The length of your heart beat, and from that cardiologists can determine your pulse.

110
Q

What is the study of the heart and its actions?

A

Cardiology

111
Q

A cardiologist is a person that what?

A

Studies the heart

112
Q

What do cardiologist use and why do the use these?

A

EKG’s and they can use the EKG to determine their pulse, their likelihood of a heart attack and they can determine if they need a pacemaker

113
Q

_____ carries cholesterol away from your heart and other organs?

A

HDL

114
Q

_____ delivers the cholesterol to the liver?

A

HDL

115
Q

_____ is considered good cholesterol because it takes the cholesterol from your arteries and delivers them to your liver, which can prevent atherosclerosis.

A

HDL

116
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The hardening/narrowing of the arteries

117
Q

Structurally, HDL has more _____ and less _____ than LDL has?

A

proteins and cholesterol

118
Q

_____ brings cholesterol to the cells and can build up your arteries?

A

LDL

119
Q

_____ is considered the bad cholesterol because it can cause cholesterol to buildup in your arteries and cause atherosclerosis?

A

LDL

120
Q

_____ are a type of fat that store extra energy from your food?

A

Triglycerides

121
Q

Triglycerides are _____?

A

Lipids

122
Q

_____ levels of triglycerides can cause atherosclerosis?

A

High

123
Q

A normal amount of triglycerides are below _____?

A

150mg/dl

124
Q

High levels of triglycerides are _____ ?

A

200-499 mg/dl

125
Q

_____ is a genetic disorder, caused by mutation on chromosome 19, which causes LDL receptors on the cell surfaces to be defective or nonexistent? It also allows the buildup of LDL in the arteries. It is also an autosomal dominant trait.

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

126
Q

Genotypes for familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

AA and Aa

127
Q

Because, Familial hypercholesterolemia is a autosomal dominant trait, it must have at least one _____ trait?

A

Dominant

128
Q

AA is a ____ and they have a ____% chance of passing to their offspring?

A

Homozygous dominant and 100%

129
Q

Aa is a _____ for the trait and is a _____% chance of passing the trait to their offspring?

A

Heterozygous and 50%

130
Q

In order to be protected from Familial hypercholesterolemia is to have _____?

A

2 recessive alleles (aa)

131
Q

If you have Familial hypercholesterolemia you are at risk for?

A

Heart disease, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and etc.

132
Q

_____ mainly harms the cardiovascular system because it is means that you have too much cholesterol in your blood?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

133
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia is is passed from one person to their offspring because it is ______?

A

Autosomal Dominant

134
Q

______ cause high levels of LDL because of the genetic mutation.

A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

135
Q

To see if you have familial hypercholesterolemia doctors can take blood samples and use _____ to multiply your DNA. Then, they can see the DNA samples on _____, to determine whether RFLPs show that you have Familial hypercholesterolemia.

A

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis

136
Q

The _____ on the Gell Electrophoresis cuts the DNA so that you an tell whether you have Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

A

Restriction Enzymes

137
Q

_____ is a high amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

138
Q

____ is the build-up of plaque in the arteries, which causes it to narrow and harden?

A

Atherosclerosis

139
Q

If you have hypercholesterolemia, there is a higher risk of you getting _____?

A

Atherosclerosis

140
Q

_____ increases your blood pressure?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

141
Q

___, ___, and ___ are considered the plaque in your arteries?

A

Fat, cholesterol, and calcium

142
Q

______ are blockages of blood flow in the coronary artery of the heart?

A

Mycardial Infarctions

143
Q

If you have _____ then you are at a higher risk of getting a myocardial infarction because it is the hardening and narrowing of your arteries and will then cause a blockage.

A

Atherosclerosis

144
Q

If untreated myocardial infarctions and atheroscerosis will cause a _____?

A

Heart attack

145
Q

_____ allow cardiologists to find where a blockage is in your heart?

A

Angiograms

146
Q

In _____ cardiologists insert a catheter with a balloon on the end into the blocked artery/vein. Then they blow the balloon up, so that it pushes the plaque back. They then remove the catheter and balloon?

A

Balloon Angioplasty

147
Q

In ____ a cardiologist will insert a catheter with a balloon and a stent. Once the catheter reaches the blockage, cardiologists will blow up the balloon and stent. They then remove the balloon s that only the stent remains?

A

Stenting

148
Q

If the blockage is severe enough, cardio-thoracic surgeons will remove part of your saphenous vein in your leg and insert it into your heart to bypass the blockage? what is this called?

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

149
Q

Methods of unblocking vessels?

A

Balloon Angioplasty, Stenting, and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

150
Q

According to the CDC, ___ is the leading cause of death in the US, killing more than _____ people per year?

A

Heart disease and 614,000

151
Q

Major risk factors for heart disease are?

A

Family history, smoking, age, gender, exercise, and diet

152
Q

_____ is a group of factors that can cause an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?

A

Metabolic Syndrome

153
Q

If you have three or more of the following you are considered to have metabolic

A

High blood pressure, high trigylceride levels, low HDL levels, high fasting levels of blood sugar, and people who are obese

154
Q

From metabolic syndrome you could get?

A

Heart disease, lipid problems, dementia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, poly-cystic ovarian syndrome, and non alcoholic fatty liver disease.

155
Q

_____ refers to the person who started an outbreak of an infectious agent?

A

Patient zero

156
Q

_____ are single celled microbes and few cause disease, most are helpful?

A

Bacteria

157
Q

Bacteria treatment?

A

Antibiotics

158
Q

Bacteria transmission?

A

Direct contact, airborne, or touching contaminated objects

159
Q

Examples of bacteria?

A

MRSA, Streptococcus pneumonia, etc.

160
Q

_____ attaches to a cell and injects DNA into the cell?

A

A virus

161
Q

What prevents virus’?

A

Vaccines

162
Q

What treats Virus’?

A

Antivirals

163
Q

Virus transmission?

A

Direct contact, bodily fluids, or airborne.

164
Q

Examples of virus’?

A

Zika, HIV, Influenza, Rhinovirus, ETC.

165
Q

Examples of Helminths?

A

Tapeworms, Guinea Worms, and Pin worms

166
Q

Helminths transmission?

A

Contaminated food/water, feces

167
Q

Helminths treatment?

A

Anthelmintic drugs

168
Q

_____ are single celled organisms?

A

Protozoa

169
Q

Protozoa treatment?

A

Antibiotics

170
Q

Protozoa transmission?

A

“Fecal-oral route”, contaminated food/water, and direct contact

171
Q

Examples of Protozoa?

A

Giardia lamblia parasite, plasmodiu parasite, and brain eating amoeba

172
Q

_____ destory the brain?

A

Prions

173
Q

Treatment for prions?

A

none

174
Q

Transmission for prions?

A

none

175
Q

Examples of Prions?

A

Kuru disease, bovine spongiformencephalopathy, etc.

176
Q

____ is related to mushrooms but feed on human tissue?

A

Fungus

177
Q

Treatment for Fungus?

A

Antifungal or antibiotics

178
Q

Transmission for Fungus?

A

Airborne or direct contact

179
Q

Is the DNA of bacteria- holds genetic information?

A

Nucleoid

180
Q

Is the rounds piece of DNA for passing genetic information between bacteria?

A

Plasmid

181
Q

They are made of rRNA and help create proteins?

A

Ribosomes

182
Q

This keeps the shape of the cell?

A

Cell wall

183
Q

This is selectively permeable?

A

Plasma

184
Q

This protects the cell and makes more virulent?

A

Capsule

185
Q

The spin around on a bacteria?

A

Flagella

186
Q

These are hollow tubes that allow plasmid to go through?

A

Pili

187
Q

These hold everything in place?

A

Cytoplasm

188
Q

_____ literally means “without infection”

A

Aseptic

189
Q

So _____ is the technique used to ensure that you do not spend germs to a specimen and that the specimen does not introduce infectious agents to you?

A

Aseptic technique

190
Q

5 ways we ensure the aseptic techniques are?

A

PPE is worn, hair is properly tied back, inoculating loops are never placed in the same sample twice, no food or drink in the lab, and hands are washed before and after the lab.

191
Q

A person who studies microbiology?

A

Microbiologist

192
Q

______ us these aseptic techniques?

A

A microbiologist

193
Q

The _____ method is way of streaking and culturing bacteria?

A

Quadrant

194
Q

The purpose of _____ is to see the bacteria simple and to identify the cell morphology and the type of infectious agent?

A

gram staining

195
Q

If a bacteria is rod shaped it is?

A

bacillus

196
Q

If a bacteria is sperical it is?

A

Coccus

197
Q

If a bacteria is spiral shaped it is?

A

Spirillum

198
Q

If it gram posisitve it is?

A

-Blue/purple color
-less pathogenic
-less endotoxins
-less capsule
More peptidoglycan

199
Q

If it gram negative it is?

A
  • Pink/Red color
  • More pathogenic “worse”
  • More endotoxins
  • More capsule
  • Less cell peptidoglycan
200
Q

_____ can be used to identify bacteria by finding out specidic thing about them?

A

Chemical testing

201
Q

The _____ test determines whether the bacterium ferments lactose as a food source?

A

Lactose fermentation

202
Q

The _____ test determines whether the bacterium can use lysine as a food source?

A

Lysine Decarboxylase

203
Q

The ____ test determines whether an infectious agent contains cytochrome oxidase?

A

Oxidase

204
Q

The _____ system helps protect the human body against the infectious diseases?

A

Immune

205
Q

The _____ can provide immunity to specific pathogens?

A

B-cells

206
Q

_____ are what our immune systems produce to attack the pathogen?

A

Antibodies

207
Q

_____ are on the cell surfaces to alert the immune cells of an invader?

A

Antigens

208
Q

_____ are a kind of WBC that makes the antibodies to attack and stop the pathogen?

A

B-Cells/B lymphocytes

209
Q

_____ are the last resort option? When a infection has infected cells, killer _____ inject poison into that cell so it will die?

A

T-cells

210
Q

_____ are a kind of WBC that eat yeast and other cells?

A

Phagocytes

Exams (3 decks)

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