EOC/BioMedical part 2 Flashcards
How many pairs of chromosomes are in an average human cell?
23 (48 total chromosomes)
What genotype means male?
XY
Chromosome pairs 1-22 are considered?
Autosomes
_____ are Chromosomes that so not determine a person’s sex, but code for every other protein in the body?
Autosomes
_____ determines you sex?
Sex chromosomes
The _____ are on the 23rd pair of chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes
What genotype means female?
XX
A _____ is a strand of DNA wrapped around histone proteins?
Nucleosome
Chromosomes in the nucleus are made of _____, which are made of nucleosomes?
Coils
The DNA is made up _____?
Genes
Genes are made up of _____?
Base pairs
What is the genetic material for life because it stores genetic information?
DNA
A _____ is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause a change in the production of a protein.
Mutation
In _____ some red blood ells will not be able to carry as much oxygen, but it also protects you against malaria?
Sickle cell disease
_____occurs in the somatic cells?
Mitosis
_____ are all the cells in your body except sperm and egg?
Somatic cells
_____ occurs in gamete or sex cells?
Meiosis
_____ occurs in the ovaries or the testes?
Meiosis
_____ are a pair of chromosomes with a similar location, dimensions, and structure?
Homologous chromosomes
_____ is characteristic that can be passed down genetically from only one parent?
Dominant trait
What is examples of a dominant trait?
- Freckles
- Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
- Unattached Earlobes
- Dwarfism
_____ s a characteristic that must be passed down genetically by both genetically by both parents in order for the offspring to get the trait?
Recessive trait
What is examples of a recessive trait?
- Attached earlobes
- Sickle cell disease
- Hemophilia
- Phenylktonuria (PKU)
Homozygous dominant genotype?
AA
Homozygous recessive genotype?
aa
Heterozygous genotype?
Aa
_____ show how a disease is passed from one generation to the next? And are basically a family tree that shows who has a specific trait for a specific disorder/disease.
Pedigrees
_____ all decide most of your traits and which traits you inherit from your parents?
Genes, chromosomes, and alleles
_____ are a specific strands of DNA that code for proteins.
Genes
Each parent gives one ____ and ____ are made up of lots of genes?
Chromosome and chromosomes
_____ are specific genes that code for proteins and determine what trait you have?
Alleles
Each parent can give you either a dominant or a recessive allele on the chromosome, which determines your _____?
Phenotype
Your heredity or inheritance can be tracked through a _____?
Pedigree
If you have a specific disease or know you have or are a carrier for a genetic disease a _____ can help determine whether your children will have it? It also can determine if your relatives are carriers or have the disease.
Pedigree
A ______ is a trait that overrides other alleles?
Dominant trait
Possible dominant genotypes are?
AA or Aa
Three examples of a dominant trait?
Dimples, freckles, and unattached earlobes
A ______ is a trait that must be expressed by both alleles.
Recessive traits
The only possible genotype for a recessive trait?
aa
Three examples of a recessive trait?
Hitchhikers thumb, color blindness, and hemophilia
_____ us peoples genotypes to determine the probability that they’re offspring will receive a certain trait or disease?
Punnett Squares
_____ can influence decisions on whether people want to have children or not?
Punnett Squares
Cells make up what, which make up what?
Cells make up tissues, which make up organs
What is the smallest units of life?
Cells
Tissue is a group of what?
Cells
What is the tissue that makes up the heart?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue. It is the strongest muscle in the body because it has to pump blood constantly
Heart cells make up what?
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
What system is the heart part of?
The Cardiovascular System
There are 2 kinds of vessels, what are they?
Arteries and Veins
What do arteries do with blood?
Take it from the heart to the body
What do veins do with blood?
Take blood back to the heart
What are 2 examples of arteries?
Pulmonary Arteries and Aorta
What are 2 examples of veins in the heart?
Superior Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava
What are two kinds of valves?
Atrioventricular and Semilunar
What valve allows/pumps blood to go from the atrium to the ventricle?
Atrioventricular Valves
What valve allow/pumps blood from the ventricles into the body?
Semilunar Valves
What are examples of atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve
What are examples of semilunar valves?
The aortic valve and the pulmonary valve
What are 2 kinds of chambers?
The ventricles and the atrium
The atrium is part of the heart where what happens?
Veins drop off blood and it is the entrance to the heart
The atrium pushes blood through what?
A valve into the ventricle. The heart then pumps the blood through a valve into the ventricles and tot the lungs or to the heart.
What are the main chambers in the heart?
The right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle
Which side of the heart is deoxygenated?
The right side
Which side of the heart is oxygenated?
The left side
The left side of the heart pumps blood where?
To the body, which is when oxygen is delivered
The right side of the heart does what?
Pumps blood, which it recieves from the superior/inferior vena cava, to the lungs so that it can be pick up oxygen.
What is a pulse?
A rhythmic beat created by the expansion and contraction of the arteries, which causes blood to be pumped around the body,
A pulse is caused by what?
An electrical signal that runs through your heart causing it to contract.
What is Carotid Pulse?
It is a method of taking pulse to find how much blood you are pumping per minute.
Your pulse can be found on your neck, which is where what is?
Where the carotid artery is located
What is Radial Pulse?
Is another way to take your pulse. It is taken on your wrist. To take this pulse you use your index and middle finger
When using Carotid Pulse, how do you do it?
You use your index finger and middle finger to take the pulse because your thumb has its own distinct pulse
What is the typical heart rate?
60-80 beats per minute
What does it mean when your pulse is too high?
It means you have tachycardia
What does it mean when your pulse is lower than normal?
It means you are physical fit. This is good because it can decrease your risk of heart disease and a heart attack in the future
What is happening when the heart is being compressed?
The heart is experiencing the most systolic pressure. During this time the blood is being pushed into the arteries.
What is the stage in which systolic pressure is the greatest?
Systole
When taking blood pressure, systolic pressure is the what?
The first number and is always higher than diastolic pressure
What do you use to find blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer
On a sphygmomanometer, the first time you hear the pulse it is the what?
Systolic Pressure
What is the heart doing when it is relaxed?
The heart is experiencing the most diastolic pressure
While the heart is relaxed, what is going on in the heart?
The hearts chambers, more specifically the ventricles, are filling up with blood.
What is the stage known as when the heart is relaxed?
Diastole
When taking blood pressure, diastolic pressure is what?
The second number and is always the lower of the 2 numbers
While using the sphymomanometer, diastolic pressure is the number at which you hear what?
The last pulse
What is the goal of the pulmonary circuit?
Is to get oxygen from the lungs so that it can enter the systemic circuit
What happens during pulmonary circulation?
First, the blood picks up oxygen molecules and goes back into the left atrium where it can be pumped through the left ventricle and out the aorta. After pumped through the aorta it starts the systemic circuit.
The right side of your heart is ______ than the left side? Why?
Smaller. Because it only has to pump to the lungs, whereas the right side pumps to your whole body
What is the goal of the systemic circuit?
To transport oxygen to the body
What happens during systemic circulation?
After it delivers the oxygen it reports back to the right atrium where it is pushed through the ventricle and then back to the pulmonary arteries where it restarts the pulmonary circuit. So, the constant blood flow goes back and forth from the left side to the right side.
How many times does the systemic circulation happen every day?
Repeats thousands of times
What causes hypertension?
Too much sodium in your diet, lack of exercise, being overweight, stress, and smoking/alcohol consumption
Why does the heart beat?
It beats due to the electrical system that runs through it
How does your heart beat?
First, the Sinoatrial node sends a signal for the heart to beat. This occurs in the right atrium and the signal continues until it reaches the Atrioventricular node.
What happens at the AV nodes?
At the AV node, the signal pauses in order for the atria to contract. Then , the electricity continues down into the AV bundle or the Bundle of His. This allows the signal to branch in two.
The bundle carries the two signals where?
Down the septum for the left and tight ventricle. Then, as the current continues, it travels to the apex and then spreads on the ventricular walls. Finally, it reaches the Purkinje fibers.
Where are the Purkinje fibers?
In the ventricular walls.
What do the Purkinje fibers allow?
Allows the ventricular muscles to strongly contract in unison
A pacemaker can replace what? Why?
The SA node because it starts the electrical current throughout your heart?
What is SA nodes?
Sinoatrial nodes
What is AV nodes?
Atriocentricular nodes
The electrical system and your pulse can be tracked through a what?
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
What does EKG stand for?
Electrocardiogram
During each stage of the electrocardiogram, what ocuurs?
A change
The P phase on the EKG is what?
The time when the atrium contracts and the heart becomes electro-polarized
During the QRS stage, whats happening?
The ventricles are contracting
During the T stage, whats happening?
The ventricles become repolarized
How fast do stages P, QRS, and T happen?
From 0.5-0.7 seconds
The length between the R-R is what?
The length of your heart beat, and from that cardiologists can determine your pulse.
What is the study of the heart and its actions?
Cardiology
A cardiologist is a person that what?
Studies the heart
What do cardiologist use and why do the use these?
EKG’s and they can use the EKG to determine their pulse, their likelihood of a heart attack and they can determine if they need a pacemaker
_____ carries cholesterol away from your heart and other organs?
HDL
_____ delivers the cholesterol to the liver?
HDL
_____ is considered good cholesterol because it takes the cholesterol from your arteries and delivers them to your liver, which can prevent atherosclerosis.
HDL
What is atherosclerosis?
The hardening/narrowing of the arteries
Structurally, HDL has more _____ and less _____ than LDL has?
proteins and cholesterol
_____ brings cholesterol to the cells and can build up your arteries?
LDL
_____ is considered the bad cholesterol because it can cause cholesterol to buildup in your arteries and cause atherosclerosis?
LDL
_____ are a type of fat that store extra energy from your food?
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are _____?
Lipids
_____ levels of triglycerides can cause atherosclerosis?
High
A normal amount of triglycerides are below _____?
150mg/dl
High levels of triglycerides are _____ ?
200-499 mg/dl
_____ is a genetic disorder, caused by mutation on chromosome 19, which causes LDL receptors on the cell surfaces to be defective or nonexistent? It also allows the buildup of LDL in the arteries. It is also an autosomal dominant trait.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Genotypes for familial hypercholesterolemia?
AA and Aa
Because, Familial hypercholesterolemia is a autosomal dominant trait, it must have at least one _____ trait?
Dominant
AA is a ____ and they have a ____% chance of passing to their offspring?
Homozygous dominant and 100%
Aa is a _____ for the trait and is a _____% chance of passing the trait to their offspring?
Heterozygous and 50%
In order to be protected from Familial hypercholesterolemia is to have _____?
2 recessive alleles (aa)
If you have Familial hypercholesterolemia you are at risk for?
Heart disease, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and etc.
_____ mainly harms the cardiovascular system because it is means that you have too much cholesterol in your blood?
Hypercholesterolemia
Familial Hypercholesterolemia is is passed from one person to their offspring because it is ______?
Autosomal Dominant
______ cause high levels of LDL because of the genetic mutation.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
To see if you have familial hypercholesterolemia doctors can take blood samples and use _____ to multiply your DNA. Then, they can see the DNA samples on _____, to determine whether RFLPs show that you have Familial hypercholesterolemia.
Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis
The _____ on the Gell Electrophoresis cuts the DNA so that you an tell whether you have Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
Restriction Enzymes
_____ is a high amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Hypercholesterolemia
____ is the build-up of plaque in the arteries, which causes it to narrow and harden?
Atherosclerosis
If you have hypercholesterolemia, there is a higher risk of you getting _____?
Atherosclerosis
_____ increases your blood pressure?
Hypercholesterolemia
___, ___, and ___ are considered the plaque in your arteries?
Fat, cholesterol, and calcium
______ are blockages of blood flow in the coronary artery of the heart?
Mycardial Infarctions
If you have _____ then you are at a higher risk of getting a myocardial infarction because it is the hardening and narrowing of your arteries and will then cause a blockage.
Atherosclerosis
If untreated myocardial infarctions and atheroscerosis will cause a _____?
Heart attack
_____ allow cardiologists to find where a blockage is in your heart?
Angiograms
In _____ cardiologists insert a catheter with a balloon on the end into the blocked artery/vein. Then they blow the balloon up, so that it pushes the plaque back. They then remove the catheter and balloon?
Balloon Angioplasty
In ____ a cardiologist will insert a catheter with a balloon and a stent. Once the catheter reaches the blockage, cardiologists will blow up the balloon and stent. They then remove the balloon s that only the stent remains?
Stenting
If the blockage is severe enough, cardio-thoracic surgeons will remove part of your saphenous vein in your leg and insert it into your heart to bypass the blockage? what is this called?
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
Methods of unblocking vessels?
Balloon Angioplasty, Stenting, and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
According to the CDC, ___ is the leading cause of death in the US, killing more than _____ people per year?
Heart disease and 614,000
Major risk factors for heart disease are?
Family history, smoking, age, gender, exercise, and diet
_____ is a group of factors that can cause an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?
Metabolic Syndrome
If you have three or more of the following you are considered to have metabolic
High blood pressure, high trigylceride levels, low HDL levels, high fasting levels of blood sugar, and people who are obese
From metabolic syndrome you could get?
Heart disease, lipid problems, dementia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, poly-cystic ovarian syndrome, and non alcoholic fatty liver disease.
_____ refers to the person who started an outbreak of an infectious agent?
Patient zero
_____ are single celled microbes and few cause disease, most are helpful?
Bacteria
Bacteria treatment?
Antibiotics
Bacteria transmission?
Direct contact, airborne, or touching contaminated objects
Examples of bacteria?
MRSA, Streptococcus pneumonia, etc.
_____ attaches to a cell and injects DNA into the cell?
A virus
What prevents virus’?
Vaccines
What treats Virus’?
Antivirals
Virus transmission?
Direct contact, bodily fluids, or airborne.
Examples of virus’?
Zika, HIV, Influenza, Rhinovirus, ETC.
Examples of Helminths?
Tapeworms, Guinea Worms, and Pin worms
Helminths transmission?
Contaminated food/water, feces
Helminths treatment?
Anthelmintic drugs
_____ are single celled organisms?
Protozoa
Protozoa treatment?
Antibiotics
Protozoa transmission?
“Fecal-oral route”, contaminated food/water, and direct contact
Examples of Protozoa?
Giardia lamblia parasite, plasmodiu parasite, and brain eating amoeba
_____ destory the brain?
Prions
Treatment for prions?
none
Transmission for prions?
none
Examples of Prions?
Kuru disease, bovine spongiformencephalopathy, etc.
____ is related to mushrooms but feed on human tissue?
Fungus
Treatment for Fungus?
Antifungal or antibiotics
Transmission for Fungus?
Airborne or direct contact
Is the DNA of bacteria- holds genetic information?
Nucleoid
Is the rounds piece of DNA for passing genetic information between bacteria?
Plasmid
They are made of rRNA and help create proteins?
Ribosomes
This keeps the shape of the cell?
Cell wall
This is selectively permeable?
Plasma
This protects the cell and makes more virulent?
Capsule
The spin around on a bacteria?
Flagella
These are hollow tubes that allow plasmid to go through?
Pili
These hold everything in place?
Cytoplasm
_____ literally means “without infection”
Aseptic
So _____ is the technique used to ensure that you do not spend germs to a specimen and that the specimen does not introduce infectious agents to you?
Aseptic technique
5 ways we ensure the aseptic techniques are?
PPE is worn, hair is properly tied back, inoculating loops are never placed in the same sample twice, no food or drink in the lab, and hands are washed before and after the lab.
A person who studies microbiology?
Microbiologist
______ us these aseptic techniques?
A microbiologist
The _____ method is way of streaking and culturing bacteria?
Quadrant
The purpose of _____ is to see the bacteria simple and to identify the cell morphology and the type of infectious agent?
gram staining
If a bacteria is rod shaped it is?
bacillus
If a bacteria is sperical it is?
Coccus
If a bacteria is spiral shaped it is?
Spirillum
If it gram posisitve it is?
-Blue/purple color
-less pathogenic
-less endotoxins
-less capsule
More peptidoglycan
If it gram negative it is?
- Pink/Red color
- More pathogenic “worse”
- More endotoxins
- More capsule
- Less cell peptidoglycan
_____ can be used to identify bacteria by finding out specidic thing about them?
Chemical testing
The _____ test determines whether the bacterium ferments lactose as a food source?
Lactose fermentation
The _____ test determines whether the bacterium can use lysine as a food source?
Lysine Decarboxylase
The ____ test determines whether an infectious agent contains cytochrome oxidase?
Oxidase
The _____ system helps protect the human body against the infectious diseases?
Immune
The _____ can provide immunity to specific pathogens?
B-cells
_____ are what our immune systems produce to attack the pathogen?
Antibodies
_____ are on the cell surfaces to alert the immune cells of an invader?
Antigens
_____ are a kind of WBC that makes the antibodies to attack and stop the pathogen?
B-Cells/B lymphocytes
_____ are the last resort option? When a infection has infected cells, killer _____ inject poison into that cell so it will die?
T-cells
_____ are a kind of WBC that eat yeast and other cells?
Phagocytes
