EO 11 - Endocrine

Question 1

Hwat is a macronutrient

Answer 1

Nutrients required by the body in large amounts. Constitute the bulk of the diet and supply of energy needed.

Question 2

What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 2

T3 Triiodothyroxine
T4 Thyroxine

Question 3

Hypothyroidism Clinical Presentation

Answer 3

• Fatigue
• cold intolerance
• weight gain
• menorrhagia
• depression
• constipation
• Bradycardia
• Reduced body and scalp hair

Question 4

Hyperthyroidism: Clinical Presentation

Answer 4

• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Exothalmus Eyes
• Loiter
• Heat Intolerance
• Palpitations and Tachycardia

Question 5

Define PEU :
PROTEIN ENERGY UNDERNUTRITION

Answer 5

An energy deficit due to chronic deficiency of all macronutrients

Question 6

Define PEU types

Answer 6

● Primary
- Marasmus
- Kwashiorkor
● Secondary
- Drugs or disorders that interfere with nutrient use.

Question 7

S&S of Marasmus

Answer 7

*dry form of PEU
- extreme hunger
- gross weight loss
- growth retardation
- wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscles
- prominent rib and facial bones
- loose, thin skin that hangs in folds

Question 8

S&S of Kwashiorkor

Answer 8

*Wet form of PEU
- Generalized edema (pot-belly)
- “flaky paint” skin
- thinning & discoloration of hair
- enlarged fatty liver
- growth retardation
- hunger
- diarrhea
- lethargy
- puffy eyes

Question 9

List all macronutrients

Answer 9

• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• macrominerals
• water H20, di-hydrogen monoxide

Question 10

Vitamin A deficiency causes

Answer 10

Inadequate intake of retinol (vit A)
Fat malabsorption, or
Liver disorders

Question 11

Vitamin A deficiency S&S (Ocular)

Answer 11

● Night blindness is an early symptom
● Xerophthalmia
• Keratinization of the eyes
• Drying/Thickening of the conjunctivae and corneas
● Advanced deficiency:
• Hazy cornea
• Erosions of the cornea
• Keratomalacia (destruction of the cornea)

Question 12

Broad S&S of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 12

● Keratinization of skin, mucous membranes, respiratory, GI and urinary tracts.
● Impaired immunity/hematopoiesis

Question 13

What can Vit A deficiency cause in youth?

Answer 13

• Growth retardation
• Infections
• Mortality rate >50% in children with severe vit A def

Question 14

Hwat is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

Answer 14

● Combines Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s Psychosis (a good time)
● Occurs in alcoholics who do not consume foods with thiamin.

Question 15

S&S of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 15

• Psychomotor slowing / apathy
• Nystagmus, ataxia
• Opthalmoplegia
• Impaired consciousness
• Mental confusion
• Dysphonia, Aphonia
• Confabulation

Question 16

Top fun fact about Zinc Deficiencies

Answer 16

Can lead to delayed sexual maturation

Question 17

Anorexia: Clinical findings

Answer 17

Bradycardia
Low BP
Hypothermia
Lanugo hair and hirsutism
Edema
Eroded dental enamel
Painless salivary gland enlargement
Inflamed esophagus

Question 18

S&S of Bulemia

Answer 18

●Abdo pain, bloating
●Constipation, diarrhea (at the same time)
●IBS, rectal prolapse
●Enamel erosion, carotid swelling, sore throat
●Mildly underweight to overweight
●Frequent fluctuations in weight

Question 19

Top fun fact about ECF

Answer 19

Volume depletion occurs as a result of loss of total bod Na+

Water follows salt

Question 20

Define Marasmus

Answer 20

Also called the dry form of PEU; causes weight loss and depletion of fat and muscle. In developing countries, marasmus is the most common form of PEU in children.

Question 21

Hwat is a Micronutrient?

Answer 21

Vitamins and minerals needed in minute amounts (trace minerals)

Vit A, D, E, K, B12
Cr, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

Question 22

Define Carbohydrates

Answer 22

Broken down into glucose and monosaccharides.
Simple (glucose, sucrose) and complex (starch, fiber)