EO 007 - Abdo (Focused) Flashcards
What is nausea?
Unpleasant sensation of imminent need to vomit
What is diarrhea?
Sudden onset of increase water in stool
What are the main causes of diarrhea?
- Viruses
- Medication
What are the 4 basic mechanisms of diarrhea?
- Increased intestinal secretion
- Decreased intestinal absorption
- Increased osmotic load
- Abnormal intestinal motility
What is Traveller’s Diarrhea?
Diarrhea caused by consumption of contaminated food and drinks
What are red flags of constipation?
- Constipation over 2 weeks
- No BM in over 7 days with laxative
- Chronic medical diseases
- Blood/mucus in stool
- Anemia
- Persistent abdominal pain
- Vomiting
- Severe pain on defecation
- Nocturnal symptoms
- Recent surgery
- In children under 2 or elderly
- Unexplained weight loss
- Rectal or abdominal mass
What are hemorrhoids?
When internal or external hemorrhoidal plexuses become engorged, prolapsed, or thrombosed.
What is GERD?
Chronic condition presenting as heartburn or chest discomfort.
What are associated symptoms of GERD?
- Painful swallowing
- Acird regurgitation
- Hypersalivation
- Worse after meals
- Worse with head down
- Relieved with antacids
What is upper GI bleeding?
Bleeding originating proximal of ligament of Treitz, 10% caused by esophageal or gastric varices.
What is biliary colic?
Abdominal pain lasting 1 - 5 hours caused by an obstructing stone in the gallbladder or biliary tract.
What is the clinical presentation of diverticulitis?
- LLQ abdominal pain
- Fever
- Increased WBC
- Intermittent or constant pain
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Nausea/vomiting
- Anorexia
- Urinary symptoms
What is the pathophysiology of diverticulitis?
Thought to be increased pressures in colon, weakening of bowel wall. Contributing factors of low fiber, high fat, high refined carbohydrated may decrease GI motility.
What is ulcerative colitis?
Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon
What are the stages of ulcerative colitis?
Mild
Moderate
Severe
What are some treatments of ulcerative colitis?
- Suppositories
- Steroids
- Supportive measures / lifestyle modifications
What is the disposition for admission related to Crohn’s dieases?
- Sudden onset colitis
- Peritonitis
- Obstruction
- GI hemorrhage
- Dehydration
- Fluid/electrolyte imbalance
What is the disposition of Crohn’s disease for surgery?
- Intestinal obstruction
- Hemorrhage
- Perforation
- Abscess
- Toxic megacolon
- Perianal disease
What is the pathophysiology of a UTI?
Significant bacteria in the urine with the presence symptoms.
List and describe the three types of UTIs
- Urethritis - inflammation of urethra
- Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder
- Pyelonephritis - inflammation of kidneys
What is acute pyelonephirits?
A syndrome caused by infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
What is chronic pyelonephritis?
The result of progressive inflammation of renal interstitium and tubules. Almost exclusively with major anatomic abnormalities.
What are common management strategies for renal caliculi?
- NSAIDS
- Fluid
- Nausea / vomit control
- Antibiotics
- Antidiuretic therapy
What are common medications for candida vaginitis?
- Butoconazole 2%
- Clotrimazole 100mg vaginal
- Miconazole 200mg vaginal
- Nystatin 100,000 unit vaginal
- Tioconazole 6.5% ointment
- Fluconazole 150mg tablet
What is epididymitis?
Inflammation of epididymis resulting in scrotal pain, swelling, and involvement of adjacent testicle
What is the clinical presentation of epididymitis?
- Urethral discharge
- Abdominal / inguinal / scrotal testicular pain
- UTI
- Cloudy urine
- Hematuria
- Swollen scrotum
- Fever
- Chills
What is testicular torsion?
- Torsion of the testis or spermatic cord resulting from abnormal fixation of the testing within the tunica vaginalis.
What is phimosis?
Fibrous constriction of the foreskin preventing retraction. Often associated with balanitis.
What is the clinical presentation of genital warts?
Flesh coloured papules incubating for 1 - 8 months.
What are the three stages of syphilis infection?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
What is the clinical presentation of chlamydia?
In men: Urethritis between 7 - 28 days with dysuria and clear discharge in the morning
In women: Usually asymptomatic, or pelvic pain and vaginal discharge
What is the pathophysiology of genital herpes?
Caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Occurs when the zygote implants outside uterine cavity.
What is the triad of symptoms for ectopic pregnancy?
- Abdominal pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Amenorrhea
What is the clinical presentation of ovarian cysts?
- Sudden onset of unilateral pelvic pain
- Possible vaginal bleeding
- Adnexal fullness
- Nausea / vomiting
What are risk factors for toxic shock syndrome?
- Current menstruation
- Cutaneous lesions
- Recent surgical procedure
- Postpartum / postabortion
What is the clinical presentation of severe toxic shock syndrome?
- Headache
- Hypotension
- Fever
- Desquamation
- Hyperemia
- Diffuse erythroderma
- Diffuse myalgia
- Sore throat
- Paresthesia
- Photopgobia
- Cough
- Non-pitting edema
