EO 007 - Abdo (Focused)

Question 1

What is nausea?

Answer 1

Unpleasant sensation of imminent need to vomit

Question 2

What is diarrhea?

Answer 2

Sudden onset of increase water in stool

Question 3

What are the main causes of diarrhea?

Answer 3

• Viruses
• Medication

Question 4

What are the 4 basic mechanisms of diarrhea?

Answer 4

• Increased intestinal secretion
• Decreased intestinal absorption
• Increased osmotic load
• Abnormal intestinal motility

Question 5

What is Traveller’s Diarrhea?

Answer 5

Diarrhea caused by consumption of contaminated food and drinks

Question 6

What are red flags of constipation?

Answer 6

• Constipation over 2 weeks
• No BM in over 7 days with laxative
• Chronic medical diseases
• Blood/mucus in stool
• Anemia
• Persistent abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Severe pain on defecation
• Nocturnal symptoms
• Recent surgery
• In children under 2 or elderly
• Unexplained weight loss
• Rectal or abdominal mass

Question 7

What are hemorrhoids?

Answer 7

When internal or external hemorrhoidal plexuses become engorged, prolapsed, or thrombosed.

Question 8

What is GERD?

Answer 8

Chronic condition presenting as heartburn or chest discomfort.

Question 9

What are associated symptoms of GERD?

Answer 9

• Painful swallowing
• Acird regurgitation
• Hypersalivation
• Worse after meals
• Worse with head down
• Relieved with antacids

Question 10

What is upper GI bleeding?

Answer 10

Bleeding originating proximal of ligament of Treitz, 10% caused by esophageal or gastric varices.

Question 11

What is biliary colic?

Answer 11

Abdominal pain lasting 1 - 5 hours caused by an obstructing stone in the gallbladder or biliary tract.

Question 12

What is the clinical presentation of diverticulitis?

Answer 12

• LLQ abdominal pain
• Fever
• Increased WBC
• Intermittent or constant pain
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Nausea/vomiting
• Anorexia
• Urinary symptoms

Question 14

What is the pathophysiology of diverticulitis?

Answer 14

Thought to be increased pressures in colon, weakening of bowel wall. Contributing factors of low fiber, high fat, high refined carbohydrated may decrease GI motility.

Question 15

What is ulcerative colitis?

Answer 15

Chronic inflammatory disease of the colon

Question 16

What are the stages of ulcerative colitis?

Answer 16

Mild
Moderate
Severe

Question 17

What are some treatments of ulcerative colitis?

Answer 17

• Suppositories
• Steroids
• Supportive measures / lifestyle modifications

Question 18

What is the disposition for admission related to Crohn’s dieases?

Answer 18

• Sudden onset colitis
• Peritonitis
• Obstruction
• GI hemorrhage
• Dehydration
• Fluid/electrolyte imbalance

Question 19

What is the disposition of Crohn’s disease for surgery?

Answer 19

• Intestinal obstruction
• Hemorrhage
• Perforation
• Abscess
• Toxic megacolon
• Perianal disease

Question 20

What is the pathophysiology of a UTI?

Answer 20

Significant bacteria in the urine with the presence symptoms.

Question 21

List and describe the three types of UTIs

Answer 21

1. Urethritis - inflammation of urethra
2. Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder
3. Pyelonephritis - inflammation of kidneys

Question 22

What is acute pyelonephirits?

Answer 22

A syndrome caused by infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.

Question 23

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 23

The result of progressive inflammation of renal interstitium and tubules. Almost exclusively with major anatomic abnormalities.

Question 24

What are common management strategies for renal caliculi?

Answer 24

• NSAIDS
• Fluid
• Nausea / vomit control
• Antibiotics
• Antidiuretic therapy

Question 25

What are common medications for candida vaginitis?

Answer 25

• Butoconazole 2%
• Clotrimazole 100mg vaginal
• Miconazole 200mg vaginal
• Nystatin 100,000 unit vaginal
• Tioconazole 6.5% ointment
• Fluconazole 150mg tablet

Question 26

What is epididymitis?

Answer 26

Inflammation of epididymis resulting in scrotal pain, swelling, and involvement of adjacent testicle

Question 27

What is the clinical presentation of epididymitis?

Answer 27

• Urethral discharge
• Abdominal / inguinal / scrotal testicular pain
• UTI
• Cloudy urine
• Hematuria
• Swollen scrotum
• Fever
• Chills

Question 28

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 28

• Torsion of the testis or spermatic cord resulting from abnormal fixation of the testing within the tunica vaginalis.

Question 29

What is phimosis?

Answer 29

Fibrous constriction of the foreskin preventing retraction. Often associated with balanitis.

Question 30

What is the clinical presentation of genital warts?

Answer 30

Flesh coloured papules incubating for 1 - 8 months.

Question 31

What are the three stages of syphilis infection?

Answer 31

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

Question 32

What is the clinical presentation of chlamydia?

Answer 32

In men: Urethritis between 7 - 28 days with dysuria and clear discharge in the morning

In women: Usually asymptomatic, or pelvic pain and vaginal discharge

Question 33

What is the pathophysiology of genital herpes?

Answer 33

Caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2

Question 34

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 34

Occurs when the zygote implants outside uterine cavity.

Question 35

What is the triad of symptoms for ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 35

• Abdominal pain
• Vaginal bleeding
• Amenorrhea

Question 36

What is the clinical presentation of ovarian cysts?

Answer 36

• Sudden onset of unilateral pelvic pain
• Possible vaginal bleeding
• Adnexal fullness
• Nausea / vomiting

Question 38

What are risk factors for toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 38

• Current menstruation
• Cutaneous lesions
• Recent surgical procedure
• Postpartum / postabortion

Question 39

What is the clinical presentation of severe toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 39

• Headache
• Hypotension
• Fever
• Desquamation
• Hyperemia
• Diffuse erythroderma
• Diffuse myalgia
• Sore throat
• Paresthesia
• Photopgobia
• Cough
• Non-pitting edema