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Clinical Chemistry II > Enzymology > Flashcards

Enzymology Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of Enzymes

Classes 4-6 are used by ____

A

biochemists

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2
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

FA are titrated

A

titrimetric

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3
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

Chemical inhibition technique’s reagent

A

Rochelle salt
(sodium potassium tartrate)

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4
Q

Creatine Kinase

CK1=CK BB?

A

brain injury

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5
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

ALT’s organs

A
  • liver
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6
Q

What is ALT’s & AST’s old name?

A

ALT: SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)
AST: SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)

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7
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

Fixed end point assay’s measurement of ALT & AST

A

Reitman Frankel Method

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8
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

In ACP, it is the 70% of the serum

A

PAP

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9
Q

Liver Damage Profile

  • ↑ ALP
  • normal ALT
  • normal LD
A

biliary tree damage

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10
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

  • completed reaction
  • ABS is measured once
A

Fixed end point assay

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11
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

measures ABS until it is colorless at regular intervals

A

Karmen method

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12
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

AST & ALT

A
  1. Retman Frankel Method
  2. Karmen Method
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13
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

What are the 5 isoenzymes of LD?
Enumerate their location.

A
  • LD1 = LD HHHH (heart)
  • LD2 = LD HHHM (heart)
  • LD3 = LD HHMM (lungs)
  • LD4 = LD HMMM (liver)
  • LD5 = LD MMMM (liver)
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14
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

Kinetic assay is also known as?

A

multipoint assay

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15
Q

Give the full name

GGT

A

gamma-glutamyl transferase

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16
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

AST’s organs

A
  • heart
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17
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

ALT is found in?
AST in found in?

A

ALT: liver tissue
AST: cardiac tissue

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18
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

It has 2 isoenzymes.

A

acid phosphatase (ACP)

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19
Q

Normal LD1:LD2 ratio

A

0.5-0.75

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20
Q

Lipase

uses lipig/triglyceride (“olive oil”)

A

Cherry-Crandall Method

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21
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

Isoenzymes vary in?
*There are 3 variations.

A
  • properties
  • molecular structure
  • rate of migration
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22
Q

Give the full name

ALP

A

alkaline phosphatase

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23
Q

Give the full name

AMS

A

amylase

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24
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

ACP & ALP

A
  1. Bodansky Method
  2. King Armstrong Method
  3. Roy Method
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25
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

inhibited by tartrate

A

PAP

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26
Q

True or False:

Enzyme activity is best measured at its optimal temperature

  • 37 degrees Celsius (body temp)
A

True

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27
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

inhibted by Cu2+

A

EAP

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28
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

insecticide and pesticide poisoning

A

cholinesterase

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29
Q

Give the myocardial infarction profile

A
  1. creatine kinase (CK)
  2. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  3. lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
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30
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

multiple forms of the enzyme

A

isoenzyme

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31
Q

Classes of Enzymes

  1. hydrolysis of acid phosphate esters
  2. hydrolysis of starch
  3. hydrolysis of lipids
A
  1. hydrolysis of acid phosphate esters: acid phosphatase
  2. hydrolysis of starch: amylase
  3. hydrolysis of lipids: lipase
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32
Q

Enzyme Naming

from 3 names
(substrate + reaction catalyzed)

A

scientific naming

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33
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

Bodansky Method uses?

A

beta-glycerol phosphate

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34
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Which is/are increased in heart damage and liver damage separately?

A
  • LD1 & LD2: ↑ heart damage
  • LD4 & LD5: ↑ liver damage
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35
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

In ALP, what are the 2 co-migrators?

A

bone & placental ALP

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36
Q

IUB stands for?

A

International Union of Biochemistry

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37
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

In Chemical inhibition technique, the presence of Cu2+ indicates what?

A

prostate cancer

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38
Q

Type of order reaction where the speed, velocity, and rate increases twice as much

A

1st order reaction

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39
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

GGT’s organs

A
  • liver
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40
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

better way to detect prostate cancer

A

Chemical inhibition technique

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41
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

ALP’s organs

A
  • biliary tree
  • biliary tract of liver tissue
  • bones
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42
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

3 isoenzymes

A

creatine kinase (CK)

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43
Q

Give the full name

CHS

A

cholinesterase

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44
Q

Creatine Kinase

CK2=CK MM

A

muscular dystrophy

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45
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

gamma-glutamyl transferase

A

Szasz Assay

46
Q

Give the 2 types of approaches to enzyme activity and their sub-type.

A
  • Fixed End Point assay
    • Reitman Frankel method
  • Kinetic assay
    • Karmen method
47
Q

Classes of Enzymes

involved in oxidation & reduction reaction

A

oxidoreductase

48
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Which LD is the fastest & slowest?

A
  • LD1: fastest
  • LD5: slowest
49
Q

It helps check damaged cells.

50
Q

Liver Damage Profile

  • ↑ ALP
  • ↑ ALT
  • ↑ LD
A

liver damage

51
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

Kinetic assay’s method of measurement for ALT & AST

A

Karmen method

52
Q

Enzyme: Substrate

creatine kinase:
lactate dehydrogenase:
aspartate aminotransferase:

A

creatine kinase: creatine
lactate dehydrogenase: lactate
aspartate aminotransferase: aspartate

53
Q

never consumed and never becomes part of products;
can be recovered and resused for future chemical reactions

54
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

What are the 5 ALP isoenzymes?

A
  1. fast liver ALP
  2. native liver ALP
  3. bone ALP
  4. placental ALP
  5. intestinal ALP
55
Q

What is the specimen of choice for enzyme activity?

56
Q

Amylase

Saccharogenic method:

Somogyi method:

A

Saccharogenic method: maltose

Somogyi method: glucose

57
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

determination of glycerol

A

Chemical method

58
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

LD’s organs

A
  • heart
  • liver
59
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

used to diagnose cancer/tumor or myocardial infaction

A

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

60
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

King Armstrong Method uses?

A

p-nitrophenyl phosphate

61
Q

Classes of Enzymes

removes functional groups from the parent compound

62
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

amylase

A
  1. Amyloclastic Method
  2. Saccharogenic Method
  3. Somogyi Method
63
Q

Classes of Enzymes

Classes 1-3 are used in ____

A

disease diagnosis

64
Q

Classes of Enzymes

transfer of functional groups

A

transferase

65
Q

Give the full name

LPS

66
Q

states the relationship between
reaction velocity & [substrate]

A

Michaelis Menten Curve

67
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

lipase’s organs

68
Q

Classes of Enzymes

involved in hydrolysis

69
Q

increases rate of chemical reactions and cellular functions become faster

70
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

diagnosis of heart damage

71
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

Roy Method uses?

A

thymolphthalein monophosphate

72
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

average reading is determined

A

Kinetic assay

73
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

lipase

A
  • Cherry-Crandall Method
  • 3 approaches:
    • Titrimetric
    • Turbidimetric
    • Chemical method
74
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

CK’s organs

75
Q

Give the full name

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase

76
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

cholinesterase

A
  1. Michel Method (acetic acid)
  2. Ellman Method (choline)
77
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

5 isoenzymes

A
  • alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
78
Q

end product of Reitman Frankel method

A

brown coloration

79
Q

Give the full name

ACP

A

acid phosphatase

80
Q

Type of order reaction where there is no change in speed, velocity, and rate.

A

Zero order reaction

81
Q

depicts the relationship of enzyme substrate activity

A

Michaelis Menten Curve

82
Q

Enzyme: Substrate

acid phosphatase (ACP):

alkaline phosphatase (ALP):

A

ACP: phosphate ester @ pH 5

ALP: phosphate ester @ pH 9.8

83
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

used to diagnose liver & bone disease

A

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

84
Q

Type of order reaction where the relationship is not compatible or complementary.

A

Zero order reaction

85
Q

Classes of Enzymes

rearrangement of molecules

86
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

diagnosis of pancreatitis

A

amylase & lipase

87
Q

What happens to enzyme activity when it reaches the following temperatures:

  • 60 degrees Celsius:
  • 56 degrees Celsius:
A
  • 60 degrees Celsius: protein degradation
  • 56 degrees Celsius: protein denaturation
88
Q

Give the full name

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase

89
Q

Give the full name

CK

A

creatine kinase

90
Q

Enzyme: Substrate

amylase:
lipase:
cholinesterase:

A

amylase: amylum/starch
lipase: lipid (TG)
cholinesterase: acetylcholine

91
Q

Classes of Enzymes

cuts out of a portion of the substances, then binds 2 molecules

92
Q

Creatine Kinase

CK2=CK MB

A

myocardial infarction

93
Q

Give the full name

LD

A

lactate dehydrogenase

94
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

diagnosis of heart and liver damage

A

lactate dehydrogenase

95
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

Where is CK found?

A
  • brain
  • myocardium
  • skeletal muscles
96
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

cholinesterase

97
Q

Type of reaction where the speed, velocity, and rate will quadruple

A

2nd order reaction

98
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

used for prostatic cancer diagnosis

A

acid phosphatase (ACP)

99
Q

Enzymes and their Color Reactions

  • TG determination
  • oxidized by periodate to produce formaldehyde
    • ​addition of chromotropic acid
    • pink product
A

turbidimetric

100
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

ACP’s organs

A
  • prostate
  • seminal fluid
101
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

amylase’s organs

102
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

In ACP, 30% of the serum

103
Q

Enzymes with Isoenzymes

non-acid phosphatase & comes from RBC

A

30% of the serum (EAP)

104
Q

Give the liver damage profile

A
  1. alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  2. alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  3. lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
105
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

used for rape cases

A

acid phosphatase (ACP)

106
Q

Enzyme Naming

derived from enzyme’s outstanding characteristic

A

trivial naming

107
Q

Enzymes and their Organ Specificity

diagnosis of liver damage

108
Q

What is the factor of ALT & AST?

A

pyridoxine

109
Q

Enzyme: Substrate

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

A

GGT: y-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide

110
Q

Enzyme Activity Approaches

product ABS is read as they gradually form

A

Kinetic assay

Clinical Chemistry II (4 decks)

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