Enzymes/ Bile Flashcards
What is bile and its functions?
- Bile isn’t an enzyme
- bile is a green liquid made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- it is alkaline liquid so it neutralises hydrochloric acid when it is leaving the stomach
- it also emulsifies fats to form smaller droplets, this increases the surface area for lipase to work on
- this increases the rate of the breakdown of lipids.
What do fats become when broken down by lipase?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What does protein become when broken down by protease?
Amino acids
What do carbohydrates become when broken down by carbohydrase?
Long chains of simple sugars
What does starch become when broken down by amylase?
Maltose
Enzyme rate of reaction equations
Rate of reaction= amount of product formed/time
Or amount of reactant used/time
Rate = 1/time (- note to make it easy to write on a graph you might do 1000/time)
Rate = change/time
Main rate of reaction
1/time
What is the X and Y axis during the measure of rate of reaction with temperature. - why?
X axis is the independent variable (the one you change in the experiment) so it would be temperature
Y axis dependent variable (the one you measure in the experiment) so it would be rate of reaction
What is enzyme denaturing and how dose it occur
When the body temperature of someone goes above 40 degrees the enzymes denature (this is where the shape/active site of an enzyme can begin to change due to high temperatures and can no longer break down substrate molecules). This can also occur if pH levels become too low.
How do enzymes speed up the rate of reaction?
The substrate (for a specific enzyme) fits into the active sight of a specific enzyme. The active sight and enzyme have complementary shapes
Once the two bind they for the enzyme substrate complex
The bonds in the substrate molecule are weakened and smaller products are released from the active sight.
The enzyme is unchanged and the process is repeated
How does an enzyme denature?
Temperatures above 40°c or a change from the normal Ph range. These cause the enzymes shape to change irreversibly so the substate not longer fits the active sight. Note if it is very cold the enzymes is inactive but not denatured.
How would you describe a graph when the rate of reaction is increasing with increasing temperature?
As the temperature of the enzymes increases so does the kinetic energy levels so the enzymes are able to collide with the substrates more and faster. The will mean an increase in the enzymes rate of reaction
How would you describe a graph when the rate of reaction is at its optimum with increasing temperature?
This is the optimum temperature (36-41°c) for the enzymes where they have the most heat and kinetic energy and thus highest rate of reaction
How would you describe a graph when the rate of reaction is decreasing with increasing temperature?
From 41°c onwards the rate of reaction decreases because the enzyme’s active sites are becoming denatured. This means the substrates no longer fit the active site
How would you describe a graph when the rate of reaction is 0 with increasing temperature?
At 54°c the rate of reaction is 0 because all the enzymes are denatured. Then enzyme can no longer catalyse the substrate molecules
