Enzymes Flashcards
Protease
a) is produced…
b) substrate is…
c) works in the…
d) product is…
a) Produced by the stomach, pancreas and small intestine.
b) Its substrate is Protein.
c) It works in the stomach and small intestine.
d) The product is amino acids.
Lipase
a) produced in…
b) substrate is…
c) works in…
d) products are…
- Produced by the pancreas and small intestine.
- Its substrate are Lipids.
- It works in the small intestine
- Its products are fatty acids and glycerol.
What are proteins made of?
Long chains of amino acids
What are enzymes?
Biological Catalysts
What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions.
Carbohydrase( Amylase)
a) produced in…
b) substrate is…
c) works in…
d) product is…
- Produced by the Salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine.
- Its substrate is Carbohydrate.
- It works in the mouth and small intestine.
- The products are glucose
Enzymes have an area where other molecules fit called…
The ‘active site’
What is held in the ‘active site’?
The substrate
Enzymes can:
- Build large molecules from smaller ones
- Change one molecule into another.
- Break down large molecules into smaller ones.
What is enzyme activity affected by?
- Temperature
* pH
At higher temperatures, reactions take place…
Faster
What happens when the temperature gets too hot?
The enzyme denatures.
What happens if the pH is too acidic or alkaline for the enzyme?
The enzyme becomes denatured.
What pH do enzymes work best in?
2-3pH
What chemical does the stomach produce to create acidic conditions?
Hydrochloric acid
Where is bile produced and stored?
It’s produced in the liver and stored in the hall bladder.
How does bile help the process of digestion?
- It neutralises the stomach acid.
* It makes the conditions in the small intestine slightly alkaline.
What conditions do amylase and lipase work best in?
Slightly alkaline conditions
What are the roles of proteins?
- Structural components e.g muscles
- Hormones
- Antibodies
- Enzymes
What is meant by the term ‘catalysts’?
Speed up reactions
Define the term ‘biological catalyst’.
Speed up reactions in the body
Name three types of reaction that enzymes are involved in.
- Building large molecules from small ones.
- Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.
- Changing one molecule into another.
What is special about the active site of the enzyme?
It is a specific shape for the substrate.
What is a substrate?
The molecule the enzyme acts on.
Describe the lock and key hypothesis.
The substrate fits into a particular enzyme creating a enzyme-substrate complex and the products of this. The enzyme remains unchanged.
Name two factors that can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction.
- PH
* Temperature
Describe and explain how temp affects enzyme action.
1) As temp increases so does rate of reaction
2) Optimum temp: Temp at which rate is fastest
3) High temp: Enzyme denatures, shape of active site is left and substrate no longer fits.
What happens to the active site when an enzyme is denatured?
The active site is left and the substrate no longer fits into the enzyme.
Describe and explain how Ph can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction.
When the enzyme is not working at its optimum PH the rate of the recruit is much slower. The enzyme is denatured.
What does the term optimum mean in terms of temp/PH?
PH/temp at which the reaction is fastest.
What are some uses of enzymes in everyday life?
- Biological detergents: break down proteins and fats in stains.(cleaner wash and better than non-bio at low temps)
- Protease) Baby foods: Predigest some of the protein in the food(easier for baby to digest+get amino acids needed)
- Carbohydrase) Food production: Convert starch into sugar(cheap source of sweetness).
- Isomerase) Slimming foods: Changes glucose into fructose(smaller amounts needed to make food taste sweet).
Advantages of using enzymes.
- Catalyse reactions at low temps and normal pressures
- Cheap to use enzyme based processes
- Pure enzymes use substrate more efficiently
Disadvantages of using enzymes.
- Expensive to produce
- Requires a lot of energy for some processes
- Temps must be kept low
- PH must be controlled
