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Biochemistry > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What are intracellular enzymes?

A

Enzymes that are used in cells that produce them

Eg. Na-K ATPase

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2
Q

What are extra cellular enzymes?

A

Enzymes which are Produced by cells in one place and secreted to other parts of the body
Eg. Digestive enzymes

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3
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Secreted in an inactive form and activated by a diff. Enzyme
Eg. Pro thrombin ———————> thrombin
Thromboplastin

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4
Q

What are zymase?

A

Enzymes secreted ready for action

Eg. Salivary amylase

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5
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Additional non protein group required by some enzymes for its optimum activity
May be loose or tightly bound to protein part of enzyme

Coenzyme- org compounds
Activator- inorganic ions

Apoenzyme ( enzyme without cofactor) + cofactor –> holoenzyme ( complete catalytic ally active enzyme)

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6
Q

Classification of enzymes

A

Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

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7
Q

Explain and give examples of oxidoreductases

A

Catalyse oxidation reduction reactions
AH2 + B ———> A + BH2
Eg. Lactate dehydrogenase or cytochrome oxidase

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8
Q

Explain and give examples of transferases

A

Catalyse the transfer of a group other than hydrogen ( eg. Amino, carboxyl) from one molecule to another

A-X + B —-> A + B-X

Eg. Aspartate transaminase, Alanine transaminase , hexokinase

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9
Q

Explain and give examples of hydrolases

A

Catalyse cleavage of C-O, C-N, C-C bonds by adding water

AB+ H2O —> AH + BOH

Eg. Digestive enzyme - amylase, pepsin
Alkaline phosphatase

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10
Q

Explain and give examples of lyases

A

Catalyse cleavage of C-O, C-N, C-C bonds by a mechanism other than hydrolyses

A-X
|. —–> A=B + X-Y
B-Y

Eg. Aldolase : fructose 1,6 bisphosphate —> G-3-P + DHAP

Fumarase

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11
Q

Explain and give examples of isomerases

A

Catalyse intramolecular structural rearrangement

ABC—> CAB

Eg. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate —> fructose-6-phosphate

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12
Q

Explain and give examples of ligases

A

Catalyse joining of 2 molecules with simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP

A + B —> AB + [ADP+Pi]

Eg. DNA ligase

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13
Q

How are enzymes clinically significant?

A

They are used for the disgnosis of disease
As therapeutic agents
As analytical reagents

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14
Q

What are plasma specific enzymes?

A

Present in higher conc. in plasma than tissue
Eg. Blood coagulation enzymes
Ferroxidase

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15
Q

What are plasma nonspecific enzymes?

A

High conc. in tissues

Released into blood during cell death/ disease

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16
Q

Diagnostic importance of amylase

A

Acute pancreatitis

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17
Q

Diagnostic importance of ALT

A

Liver diseases

18
Q

Diagnostic importance of AST

A

Myocardial infarction

19
Q

Diagnostic importance of alkaline phosphatase

A

Bone + liver diseases

Such as rickets/ obstructive jaundice

20
Q

Diagnostic importance of acid phosphatase

A

Prostate cancer as a tumour marker

21
Q

Diagnostic importance of Lactate dehydrogenase

A

Myocardial infarction

22
Q

Diagnostic importance of creatine kinase

A

Myocardial infarction

23
Q

Diagnostic importance of aldolase

A

Muscular dystrophy

24
Q

Diagnostic importance of 5’ nucleotidase

A

Hepatitis

25
Q

Diagnostic importance of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase

A

Alcoholism

26
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of streptokinase

A

To lyse blood clots

27
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of asparaginase

A

Treatment of some types of leukaemia

28
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of Papain

A

Anticoagulant

29
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of Alpha- anti trypsin

A

Treating emphysema

30
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of lysozyme

A

Treating eye infections

Found in tears and egg white

31
Q

What is the therapeutic application ( enzyme used for treatment if disease) of trypsin, pepsin, amylase, lipase

A

GIT disorders

Chronic pancreatitis

32
Q

What are the analytical application ( enzymes used as labels or reagents in analysis of a compound) of lipases

A

Triglycerols

33
Q

What are the analytical application ( enzymes used as labels or reagents in analysis of a compound) of cholesterol oxidase

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

What are the analytical application ( enzymes used as labels or reagents in analysis of a compound) of urease

A

Urea

35
Q

What are the analytical application ( enzymes used as labels or reagents in analysis of a compound) of glucose oxidase peroxidase

A

Glucose

36
Q

What are isoenzymes

A

Multiple forms of the same enzyme that catalyse the same biochemical reaction.
They show different chemical + physical properties : electrophoretic mobility, kinetic properties

Example: LDH & CK & alkaline phosphatase

37
Q

What is the normal value for CK

A

Males: 20-80 IU/L
Females: 20-50 IU/L

38
Q

What are the 3 isoenzymes of CK

A

CK-1 : BB : tissue of origin- brain

CK-2 : MB : tissue of origin- heart : myocardial infarction ( levels increase in 4 hours)

CK-3 : MM : tissue of origin- skeletal muscle : muscular dystrophy

39
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase catalyse and what are its isoenzymes

A

Oxidation of lactate to pyruvate

LDH-1 : tissue of origin- heart, RBC
LDH-2 : tissue of origin- heart, RBC
LDH-3 : tissue of origin- brain, kidney
LDH-4 : tissue of origin- liver, skeletal muscle
LDH-5 : tissue of origin- liver, skeletal muscle

LDH-1 : myocardial infarction
LDH-2&3: leukaemia
LDH2,3,4: tumour of testes+ ovary
LDH-5 : liver disease

40
Q

What are the isoenzymes of ALP

A

Alpha-1 ALP : increased in obstructive jaundice

Alpha-2 Heat stable ALP : increased in lung& colon cancer + pregnancy

Alpha-2 heat labile ALP : increased in hepatitis

Pre beta ALP : increased in bone disease

Gamma ALP : increased in ulcerative colitis

41
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Important group of bio molecules produced by living cells
Are soluble, colloidal, organic biological catalysts
Protein in nature
Specific in action
Opt. Temp. In human body: 37 degrees Celsius

42
Q

What is specificity of enzyme action?

A

The ability of an enzyme to discriminate between 2 competing substrates
Classified into:
1)Substrate specificity- absolute, relative & broad substrate specificity
2)Reaction specificity
3)Stereo specificity

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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