Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

6.6.What are enzymes?

A

Tertiary structure, globular proteins that are catalysts

  • not changed by reaction
  • can be used repeatedly so - effective in small amounts
  • hv a high turn-over (catalyse many reactions per sec)
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2
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged/isn’t used up at the end

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3
Q

Why will each enzyme only catalyse one specific reaction?

A
  • enzyme, so active site has a specific 3D tertiary structure/shape
  • so - active site only complementary to & will bind to 1 substrate
  • to form an e-s complex
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

A

(all reactions in the body)
1. Anabolic reactions: building up molecules e.g. protein synthesis
2. Catabolic reactions: breaking molecules down e.g. digestion

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5
Q

How are enzymes secreted from cells?

A

by exocytosis

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6
Q

Induced fit?

A
  • Before reaction, active site is not complementary to substrate
  • as substrate binds, the active site changes shape to become complementary to substrate - forming e-s complex
  • this stresses/distorts bonds in substrate (due to enzyme moulding around substrate) - lowering the activation energy
    *accepted model
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7
Q

Induced fit&raquo_space;> lock and key model, why?

A

Lock and key suggest AS is rigid structure & substrate is exact fit to AS…
Induced fit matches current observations that AS changes shape slightly upon binding to become a more exact fit

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8
Q

For an enzyme to catalyse a reaction it must…?

A
  • come into physical contact w substrate
  • substrate must be complementary to active site
  • they must collide w enough energy & suitable orientation
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9
Q

How do enzymes speed up the rate of reactions?

A

Lower the activation energy needed for reactions to take place
(the minimum amount of energy required to activate a reaction)

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10
Q

Temperature?

A
  • too low: not enough kinetic energy (to move fast enough) for successful collisions between enzyme + substrate so - fewer e-s complexes
  • too high/beyond optimum: enzyme denatures, active site changes shape so - e-s complexes can’t form
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11
Q

Vmax?

A

max velocity/rate at which enzyme catalyse reactions
- happens when all enzyme active sites are saturated w substrate

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12
Q

Why do enzymes denature if there’s too much kinetic energy?

A
  • bonds holding amino acids in fixed 3D tertiary structure in active site broken
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13
Q

pH?

A
  • too high - too many OH- ions, too low - too many H+
  • interfere w charges in amino acids in the active site - can break bonds holding tertiary structure in place and so- active site changes shape (mainly ionic + h bonds)
  • denatures - fewer e-s complexes
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14
Q

Calculating pH?

A

pH = -log10[H+}

  • [H+] = H+ ion conc.
  • put - sign in front of log yourself
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15
Q

Enzyme concentration?

A

low - too few enzyme molecules to allow all substrate molecules to find an active site at 1 time so - rate of reaction lower

intermediate - max rate of reaction - all active sites r filled

high - addition of further enzyme molecules: no effect - alr enough active sites to accommodate all available substrates (active sites become saturated w substrate - unable to work any faster aka point of saturation) - no increase in rate

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16
Q

Substrate reaction?

A

low - too few substrate molecules to occupy all available active sites - rate of reaction lower (fewer collisions so few e-s complexes)

intermediate - max rate of reaction - all active sites r filled

high - addition of further substrate molecules: no effect - all active sites alr occupied at 1 time (active sites become saturated w substrate - unable to work any faster) - no increase in rate

17
Q

Limiting factor definition?

A

Factor is limiting when an increase in its value causes an increase in the rate of reaction

18
Q

Buffer definition?

A

an aq solution that has a highly stable pH
- if if add acid/base - pH not change significantly
- resists changes in pH

19
Q

Enzyme inhibitors?

A

substances that directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the active site of a specific enzyme & so prevent the substrate binding, preventing the formation of e-s complexes & so - decrease the rate of reaction

20
Q

Competitive inhibitors?

A

similar shape/structure to substrate so - can bind & occupy the active site of enzyme
- compete w substrate for active site
- binding of competitive inhibitor to active site is NOT permanent (aka is reversible) so - when leaves active site - another molecule can enter
- e-inhibitor complex prevents substrate from binding so - no e-s complexes so - lower rate
- if add very high conc. substrate - can knock inhibitor out of active site aka…
- increasing sub conc. overcome competitive inhibition because reversible

21
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors?

A
  • binds to enzyme at a site that is NOT/away from the active site aka the allosteric site (that it’s complementary to)
  • this causes a change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme so - changing shape of the active site - usually permanent
  • active site no longer complementary to substrate so - substrate can no longer bind - no e-s complexes formed & no reaction
22
Q

Graphs of inhibitors?

A
  • competitive: lower rate of reaction than w no inhibitor (less steep) the whole way but then meet same end point (at very high substrate conc. - so much substrate - outcompetes & knocks out inhibitor - bind - rate returns to normal)
  • non-competitive: lower rate of reaction than w no inhibitor (less steep) initially but plateaus at MUCH lower rate (even if add more substrate - doesn’t knock out inhibitor, active site diff shape so - no catalysing reaction so - max rate at much lower