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Biochemistry Midterm > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

They are also known as helper protein molecules.

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction. Therefore, they are referred to as ___.

A

Biological catalysts

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3
Q

True or False: All chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

True or False: Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

True or False: Enzymes are named for the reaction they help.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Sucrase breaks down ___.

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

____ break down proteins.

A

Proteases

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8
Q

Lipases break down ___.

A

Lipids

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9
Q

True or False: DNA polymerase breaks down DNA.

A

FALSE. DNA polymerase builds DNA.

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10
Q

It is the region that binds substrates, cofactors, and prosthetic groups.

A

Active site

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11
Q

What does the active site contain that holds the substrate?

A

Residue

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12
Q

True or False: The active site of an enzyme has a specific shape due to the quaternary structure of protein.

A

FALSE. It has a specific shape due to the tertiary structure of protein.

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the active site?

A

Binding site
Catalytic site

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14
Q

It is the substance at the beginning of the process on which an enzyme begins an action.

A

Substrate

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15
Q

When a substrate binds to an enzyme, it forms a/an ___.

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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16
Q

Enzymes are a type of protein, therefore they are synthesized by what organelles?

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Information for the synthesis of enzymes is carried by the ___.

A

DNA

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18
Q

What are the two types of enzymes in terms of location in the cell?

A

Intracellular enzymes & extracellular enzymes

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19
Q

These enzymes are synthesized and retained in the cell for the use of the cell itself.

A

Intracellular enzymes

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20
Q

In which specific cell parts can intracellular enzymes be found?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, & chloroplast

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21
Q

True or False: Extracellular enzymes are synthesized outside of the cell to work externally.

A

FALSE. Extracellular enzymes are synthesized in the cell but secreted from the cell to work externally.

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22
Q

True or False: An enzyme is names according to the name of the substrate it catalyzes.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Why do most enzymes end in “-ase” while some do not?

A

Some enzymes were named before a systematic way of naming enzymes was formed.

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24
Q

What are some examples of enzymes that were named before the formation of a systematic way of naming enzymes.

A

Pepsin, trypsin, renin

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25
Q

Hydrolase catalyzes what type of reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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26
Q

What enzyme catalyzes an oxidation reaction?

A

Oxidase

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27
Q

What suffix is used to recognize that a substance is that of an enzyme?

A

-Ase

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28
Q

In naming an enzyme, how is the prefix determined?

A

The type of reaction the enzyme catalyzes.

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29
Q

In naming an enzyme, what else is taken into consideration in addition to the type of reaction?

A

Identity of the substrate.

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30
Q

What reaction does glucose oxidase catalyze?

A

Glucose oxidation

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31
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the eliminating of hydrogen from lactate ion?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

32
Q

What is the organization that standardized the naming of enzymes?

A

International Union of Biochemistry

33
Q

What are the two parts of naming an enzyme?

A

Name of the substrate for the enzyme
Type of reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

34
Q

What is the product when lactase breaks down lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

35
Q

What is produced when maltase breaks down maltose?

A

Glucose

36
Q

True or False: When cellulose is broken down by cellulase, glycogen is produced.

A

FALSE. Glucose is the product.

37
Q

What is produced when lipids are broken down by lipase?

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

38
Q

What disaccharide is produced when amylase breaks down starch?

A

Maltose

39
Q

Proteases break down proteins, resulting in a product of ___.

A

Peptides and polypeptides

40
Q

What are the 6 classifications of enzymes?

A

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases

41
Q

In this reaction, electrons travel from one molecule to another.

A

Oxidation

42
Q

It is the transfer of hydrogen or addition of oxygen.

A

Oxidation

43
Q

What enzymes catalyze oxidation reactions?

A

Oxidoreductases

44
Q

This classification of enzymes catalyze the transformation of a functional group from one molecule to another.

A

Transferases

45
Q

True or False: Transferases transfer one group (other than hydrogen) from the substrate to the enzyme.

A

FALSE. They transfer one group from the substrate to another substrate.

46
Q

It is a reaction where single bonds are broken down upon exposure to water.

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

What enzymes catalyze hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolases

48
Q

Give examples of bonds that can be broken down by hydrolases.

A

Ester, ether, peptide, & glycosidic bonds

49
Q

This classification of enzymes catalyze the breakdown of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis & oxidation.

A

Lyases and isomerases

50
Q

What do lyases and isomerases often form?

A

New double bonds or ring structures

51
Q

These enzymes break bonds without adding water.

A

Lyases

52
Q

These enzymes catalyze reactions involving a structural rearrangement of a molecule.

A

Isomerases

53
Q

It is the combination of pairs of substrates.

A

Ligation

54
Q

What enzymes catalyze ligation?

A

Ligases

55
Q

What do hexokinases catalyze?

A

The interconversion of of glucose and ATP with glucose-6-phosphate and ADP

56
Q

It is an inactive enzyme without its non-protein moiety.

A

Apoenzyme

57
Q

It is an active enzyme with its non-protein component.

A

Holoenzyme

58
Q

They are non-protein substances that associate with enzymes.

A

Cofactors

59
Q

It is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound (either tightly or loosely) to an enzyme.

A

Cofactor

60
Q

What process requires the presence of cofactors?

A

Catalysis

61
Q

It is a non-protein component that is loosely bound to an apoenzyme.

A

Coenzyme

62
Q

It is a non-protein component tightly bound to an apoenzyme.

A

Prosthetic group

63
Q

True or False: Coenzymes are bound by covalent bonds, while prosthetic groups are bound by non-covalent bonds.

A

FALSE. Coenzymes = non-covalent bonds; prosthetic groups = covalent bonds

64
Q

It is the first push to start a reaction.

A

Activation energy

65
Q

True or False: All chemical reactions require activation energy.

A

TRUE

66
Q

In most chemical reactions, what must be overcome for the reaction to occur?

A

Energy barrier

67
Q

What is the risk of using heat in order to overcome the energy barrier?

A

The rise in temperature may kill the cell.

68
Q

Aside from heat, what is the alternative to overcome the energy barrier?

A

Lowering the activation energy through the use of a catalyst

69
Q

This theory states that the active site has a rigid shape, and only substrates with a matching shape can fit.

A

Fischer’s Template Theory (Lock and Key Model)

70
Q

It states that the substrate is a key that fits the lock of the active site.

A

Fischer’s Template Theory (Lock and Key Model)

71
Q

This model explain enzyme specificity and the loss of activity when enzymes denature.

A

Lock and Key Model

72
Q

This theory states that the active site is flexible, not rigid.

A

Koshland’s Induced Fit Theory

73
Q

It states that the shapes of the enzyme, active site, and substrate adjust to maximize the fit, which improves catalysis.

A

Koshland’s Induced Fit Theory

74
Q

This theory has a greater range of substrate specificity.

A

Koshland’s Induced Fit Theory

75
Q
A

Biochemistry Midterm (4 decks)

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