enzyme Flashcards
compound or biological polymer, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst
enzymes
Enzymes that require a metal ion cofactor are termed
metal-activated enzymes
for which metal ions serve as prosthetic groups.
metalloenzymes
is an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation–reduction reaction.
OXIDOREDUCTASE
is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group other than hydrogen
TRANSFERASES
is an enzyme that catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction
HYDROLASE
is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a group
LYASE
an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization
ISOMERASE
an enzyme that catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules
LIGASE
the relatively small part of an enzyme’s structure. Usually a “crevicelike”
Enzyme Active Site
the intermediate reaction species that is formed
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
only a substrate whose shape and chemical nature are complementary
Lock-and-Key Model
is a result of the enzyme’s flexibility
Induced-Fit Model
:the extent to which an enzyme’s activity is restricted to a specific substrate
Enzyme specificity
is a microorganism that thrives in extreme environments
Extremophile
is a microbial enzyme active at conditions
EXTREMOZYME
a bacterium that can function in the highly acidic environment of the stomach
H. pylori
a molecule closely resembling the substrate
competitive enzyme inhibitor
a molecule that binds to a site on an enzyme
noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
a molecule that forms a covalent bond
irreversible enzyme inhibitor
is an enzyme with two or more protein chains
Allosteric Enzymes
an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds
proteolytic enzyme
is the inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzyme.
zymogen
is an enzyme that is found primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Creatine kinase
an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, and pancreas
g-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
enzyme involved in the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate.
Lactate Dehydrogenase
enzyme that aids in the digestion of fat.
Lipase
enzyme that aids in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Amylase
an enzyme composed only of protein
simple enzyme
an enzyme that has a nonprotein
conjugated enzyme
“browning reaction” caused by phenolase (or polyphenoloxidase)
OXIDOREDUCTASE
enzyme will catalyze only one reaction
absolute specificity
enzyme will act only on molecules that have a specific functional group
group specificity
enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond
linkage specificity
enzymes are specific to only one isomer
stereochemical specificity
optimal growth at pH levels of 3.0 or below
acidophiles
optimal growth at pH levels of 9.0 or above
alkaliphiles
a salinity that exceeds 0.2 M NaCl needed for growth
halophiles
a temperature between 80°C and 122°C needed to thrive
Hypothermophiles
a temperature of 15°C or lower needed for growth
cryophiles
a high hydrostatic pressure needed for growth
piezophiles
what are the 3 types of enzyme inhibition
competitive, noncompetitive, irreversible enzyme inhibitor
means “other,” and stereos, means “site or space.”
allo
an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide cross links between polysaccharide strands in bacterial cell walls.
Transpeptidase
an enzyme which protects bacteria from penicillin.
Penicillinase
onsidered a specific marker for liver disease
alanine aminotransferase
For diagnosis of liver disease
Aspartate Aminotransferase
