carbohydrates Flashcards
saccharide or sugar
carbohydrates
General formula of carbohydrates
Cn(H20)n
CHO
aldehyde
CH2OH
ketone
In Filipino people they call it
aldose and ketose
2 monosaccharides form together is called?
disaccharides
2 to 10 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
more than 10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
1 glucose + 1 glucose is?
maltose
glucose + fructose is?
sucrose
glucose + galactose is?
lactose
its gonna break down the components
hydrolysis
light is going to the left
levorotatory light
light is going to the right
dextrorotatory light
All points do not coincide together
nonsuperimposable
all points that coincide together
superimposable
these 2 are both mirror images
superimposable and nonsuperimposable
something that contains 4 different groups
chiral
is chiral superimposable or nonsuperimposable?
nonsuperiposable
an atom in a molecule that has 4 different groups
chiral center
molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable
chiral molecule
molecules whose mirror images is superimposable
achiral molecule
does not contain 4 different groups
achiral
If u see oxygen its automatically?
achiral
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas.
stereoisomers
2 types of stereoisomers
enantiomers and diastereomers
enantions means opposite
enantiomers
is stereoisomers superimposable or nonsuperimposable
nonsuperimposable
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
diastereomers
a 2 dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement
fisher projection formula
RCHO is?
aldehyde
RCOR is?
ketone
lot of possibilities but only one partner
2n rule
a 2 dimensional structural notation that specifies the 3-dimensional structure
haworth projection
6 membered ring
pyranose
5 membered ring
furanose
If your monosaccharides will react to oxygen they are called?
acidic sugars
3 types of acidic sugars
aldonic acid, alduronic acid, aldaric acid
Weak oxidizing agent paired with sugar
glucuronic acid
Strong oxidizing agent paired with sugar
glucaric acid
uses weak oxidizing agent
Aldonic acid
uses enzymes
Alduronic acid
uses strong oxidizing agent
aldaric acid
where 2 sugars combined together
Glycoside formation
added of phosphorus
Phosphate formation
there’s presence of amine combining in the sugar
Amino sugar formation
NH20 is combined with monosaccharides what will you produce?
Amino sugar
Reactions of monosaccharides
oxidize, alcohol, glycoside, phosphate, and amino sugar
a component of RNA and energy rich compounds such as ATP
D-Ribose
known as brain sugar or component of brain sugar
D-Galactose
A component of glycoproteins found in brain and nerve tissue
brain sugar
aka dextrose or blood sugar. The most abundant and most important from a human nutritional standpoint
d-glucose
the most important ketohexose. Used as a dietary sugar because it has fewer calories.
d-fructose
Also known as levulose and fruit sugar
d-fructose
sugar that produces sweetening agent
D-sorbitol
examples of disaccharides
sucrose and lactose
2 monosaccharides bonded together
glycosidic bond
malt sugar, common ingredient in baby foods, found in barley.
maltose
combination of 2 glucose will form?
maltose
maltose is what type of linkage?
alpha linkage
cellobiose is what type of linkage?
beta linkage
Glucose + glucose alpha linkages bond is called
maltose
Glucose + glucose beta linkages is called
cellobiose
known as milk sugar
lactose
2 monosaccharides combined to produce lactose is
glucose and galactose
people who can tolerate milk
lactose persistence
wala silay enzyme to breakdown lactase that is why mag lain ilang tiyan maong tawag nila
lactose intolerance
absence of enzyme needed for conversion of galactose to glucose
galactosemia
a-D-glucose + b-D-fructose combination of
sucrose
Your table sugar. The most abundant of all disaccharides
sucrose
Produces an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose
invert sugar
Used in jams and jellies
invert sugar
If sucrose is hydrolyzed it is called
invert sugar
is 600x sweeter than sucrose. Synthesized from sucrose
sucralose
an aspartame derivative. 7000x sweeter than sucrose
neotame
contains 2 to ten monosaccharides. Cannot be digested in the body
oligosaccharides
Two naturally occurring oligosaccharides
raffinose and stachyose
composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose
raffinose
composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose with additional galactose
stachyose
a toxin found in potato plant
solanine
the complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides and disaccharides
form of carbohydrate
polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and monosaccharides
1 type of monosaccharide monomer
Homopolysaccharide
2 different types of monomer
Heteropolysaccharide
a homopolysaccharide aka amylum
starch
found it fatty tissues
Glycogen
Reservoir of the glucose or preserved glucose
glycogen
plants storage
starch
human storage
glycogen
up to 1,000 glucose units
amylose
up to 100,000 glucose units
Amylopectin
up to 1,000,000 glucose units
Glycogen
to start glycogen from glucose
Glycogenesis
to breakdown glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
the structural component found in plants
cellulose
the structural component found in exoskeletons animals
chitin
Acidic polysaccharides 2 types
Hyaluronic acid and heparin
Structural polysaccharides 2 types
cellulose and chitin
lubricants in the fluid of joints. Glassy effect in the eyes
Hyaluronic acid
blood anticoagulant. Used to avoid internal clotting
Heparin
Storage for polysaccharides 2 types
glycogen and starch
For the types of blood what sugar plays a part
oligosaccharides
the one that control blood sugars
insulin
will come out if there is too much sugar
insulin
will come out if there’s less sugar
glucagon
aka adrenaline. It helps u survive, fight or flight mode
epinephrine
subcutaneous, it is dependent on insulin.
type 1 diabetes
hereditary or life style basis. You have insulin but receptors are not responsive to insulin.
type 2 diabetes
the glucose polymers
amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen
monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group
aldose
Monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group.
ketose
When a molecule has more than one chiral carbon, each carbon can possibly be arranged in either the right-hand or left-hand form
2n rule
means “minus an oxygen”
deoxy
are diastereomers whose molecules differ only in the configuration at one chiral center.
Epimers
is the bond in a disaccharide resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom
glycosidic linkage
oligosaccharide molecules that are attached to the plasma membrane of red blood cells
Biochemical markers
an alternate name for a polysaccharide.
Glycan
straight-chain glucose polymer
amylose
branched glucose polymer
amylopectin
is the most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide
cellulose
2nd most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide
chitin
