Environmental Security

Question 1

water shortages

Answer 1

o water shortages South Africa and Cape Town 2017-2018
♣ 2018 dam storage is just 21%
♣ loss of 37,000 jobs as water consumption was reduced by 50%
♣ water sanitation not high 2.2M dead
♣ diseases like cholera could spread easily

Question 2

ozone leyer

Answer 2

o increase of pollution
♣ China 1/3 of yellow river fishes dead + 20 times the safe pollution limit
♣ 1.1M people per year dead by pollution
♣ days when cars cant move

Question 3

impact on managment of security - climate change - volger

Answer 3

o transnational (as liberal institutionalist believe):
♣ UNEP
♣ IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)
♣ Wwf + 100 countries
♣ United nation framework on climate change 1992 at the earth summit in rio
o National security manged by transnational actors
♣ UN meetings created many environmental treaties with norms and practices that nations have to undertake to help preserve nature and climate
• Paris agreement 2012 – global warming
• Kyoto protocol 1997 – limit of emissions
o National security is an executive branch of the international security
o Being part of the international security is a necessary part in national security as it allows the sharing of expertise knowledge + creating of norms and capacity building

Question 4

demographic change

Answer 4

♣	increase of population will lead to violence as
o	no basic services
o	chaos 
o	hopelessness  
o	no employment 
o	poor  decrease GDP per capita 
o	population movement

Question 5

impact on managment of security - demographic change

Answer 5

o led to increase cooperation
♣ many transnational project of development
• goldstone: if economic growth rate lower than population growth rate = violence (see china +11M people per year but 10% economic growth rate no violence)
• UNDP – 170 countries
o National security managed by international actors
o sustainable development
o share of expertise
o national states act as executive actors as oversee the implementation of development in the country
• UNHCR
o Establish responses to refugee crisis
o Implemented by national refugee agencies
♣ Executive branch of international security
o E.g. unhcr works closely with the Italian commission for refugees to maintain high protection and build the capacity of the state actor

Question 6

how has globalisation effected ecological footprints 7 - volger

Answer 6

1. relocation of industries
2. population movement
3. higher consumption = higher production =
4. higher emission of effluents and waste
5. free trade = distrupt local economies
6. share of knowledge
7. increase NGOs presence

Question 7

functions of international cooperation - volger 5

Answer 7

1. transboundary trade and pollution control
2. norm creation
3. aid and capacity building
4. scientific understanding
5. governing the commons

Question 8

the commons

Answer 8

1. deep ocean
2. outer space
3. global atmosphere - ozone layer
4. antartica