ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2ND EXAMINATION Flashcards
It is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn from a different group of individuals.
Population
A _____ is referring to an entire group of people of different races, sexuality, and status; objects like material things; events like social gatherings; hospital or school visitations, and measurements of a distinct boundary.
Population.
It is the measurement of the given population over volume respondents.
Population Density
It refers to the shift in the history of birth and death rates in society because of the absence of science and technology advancements. There is also an issue on the economic and educational development, particularly in women that may cause the ______ _______
Demographic Transition
It is frequently applied to living organisms, most of the time, to humans.
Population Density
It is a key geographical term.
Population Density
It is referring to the number of death in a given population over some time.
Mortality Rate
It is a ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the rate tends to be 1:1.
Sex Ratio
it is referring in two ways; human demography has the potential for the reproduction of a listed population as opposed to a single organism. For the study in the biological community, it is similar to fertility, wherein it is a natural way to produce offspring.
Fecundity
is referring to the statistical features of the human population. The demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups comprising education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity.
Demography
It is referring to the movement of people of different sectors from one country to another with the intention of the new location, new work or employer, or for greener pasture.
Migration
is a general term meaning the occurrence of disease and illness in a population.
Morbidity
The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal ____ within the city is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally.
migration
is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A _____ (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types.
taxonomy
is all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area— the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.
Biodiversity
refers to the number of people living in a particular area, from a village to the world as a whole.
Human population
The world population now stands at around _____ billion inhabitants, having reached 7 billion milestones in 2011. Demographers expect the 8 billion breakthroughs in 2023, nine (9) billion by 2037, and projected as high as ten
(10) billion in the year 2056.
7.8
The world population now stands at around 7.8 billion inhabitants, having reached 7 billion milestones in 2011. Demographers expect the 8 billion breakthroughs in ____, nine (9) billion by 2037, and projected as high as ten
(10) billion in the year 2056.
2023
The world population now stands at around 7.8 billion inhabitants, having reached 7 billion milestones in 2011. Demographers expect the 8 billion breakthroughs in 2023, nine (9) billion by ___, and projected as high as ten
(10) billion in the year 2056.
2037
The world population now stands at around 7.8 billion inhabitants, having reached 7 billion milestones in 2011. Demographers expect the 8 billion breakthroughs in 2023, nine (9) billion by 2037, and projected as high as ten
(10) billion in the year ____.
2056
The human population is so huge that percentages are too crude a measure, so it is common to state these rates in terms of the number per 1,000, referring to the ____ ____. Thus, we have the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and crude growth rate.
crude rate
A _____ is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area. Members of a ____ often rely on the same resources, are subject to similar environmental constraints, and depend on the availability of other members to persist over time.
population
As a tool for objectively studying populations, population ecologists rely on a series of statistical measures, known as _____ ______, to describe that population
demographic parameters
The field of science interested in collecting and analyzing demographic parameters is termed population demographics, also known as ______.
demography
_______ can include any statistical factors that influence population growth or decline, but several parameters are particularly important: population size, density, age structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality (death rates), and sex ratio.
Demographics
Broadly defined, ______ is the study of the characteristics of populations. It provides a mathematical description of how those characteristics change over time.
demography
The rise in the number of people on Earth is referred to as ____ ____
population growth.
The vast variety of life on Earth is referred to as _____. It can be applied more precisely to all the species found in a certain area or environment. Every living creature, including plants, microorganisms, animals, and people, is referred to as ____.
biodiversity.
Around 8.7 million species of plants and animals are thought to exist, according to scientists. However, to far, only about ____ million species, the most of which are insects, have been recognized and described. This implies that the identities of millions of other creatures are yet unknown.
1.2
Around ___ million species of plants and animals are thought to exist, according to scientists. However, to far, only about 1.2 million species, the most of which are insects, have been recognized and described. This implies that the identities of millions of other creatures are yet unknown.
8.7
All living things that can reproduce sexually belong to the same _____.
species
_____ are places with exceptionally high biodiversity levels.
Hotspots
______ are also home to endemic species, which can only be found in a single place
Hotspots
_______ is the branch of biology that classifies all living things. It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, who lived during the 18th Century, and his system of classification is still used today.
Taxonomy
Threats to biodiversity include population expansion, pollution, and climate change. The rate of ______ of species has increased at an unheard-of rate as a result of these concerns.
extinction
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies all living things. It was developed by the Swedish botanist _____ _____-, who lived during the 18th Century, and his system of classification is still used today.
Carolus Linnaeus
He invented binomial nomenclature, the system of giving each type of organism a genus and species name.
Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus also developed a classification system called the _____ ______, which today has eight ranks from general to specific: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
taxonomic hierarchy
He also developed a classification system called the taxonomic hierarchy, which today has eight ranks from general to specific: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Carolus Linnaeus
He also developed a classification system called the taxonomic hierarchy, which today has eight ranks from general to specific: Identify
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Kingdom - Organisms able to move on their own
Animals
Phylum - Animals with a backbone.
Chordates
Class - Chordates with fur or hair and milk glands.
Mammals
Order - Mammals with collar bones and grasping fingers
Primates
Family - Primates with relatively flat faces and three-dimensional vision.
Hominids
Genus - Hominids with upright posture and large brains
Homo
Species - Members of the genus homo with a high forehead and thin skull bones.
Homo sapiens
A _______ (plural: taxa) is a group of organisms that are classified as a unit. This can be specific or general.
Taxon - For example, we could say that all humans are a taxon at the species level since they are all the same species, but we could also say that humans along with all other primates are a taxon at the order level, since they all belong to the order Primates.
Many mnemonic devices can be used to remember the order of the taxonomic hierarchy, such as “Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”.
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
The term ______ ______ refers to all the living components in an ecosystem. A slightly different concept is encompassed in the word biota, which refers to all flora and fauna, or plant and animal life, in a particular region.
biological community or biological communities
The term biological community refers to all the living components in an ecosystem. A slightly different concept is encompassed in the word ___, which refers to all flora and fauna, or plant and animal life, in a particular region.
biota
it is referring to a biological interaction where one organism captures and kills other organisms, its prey.
- Predation
2.1. It is one of the known modes of feeding behaviors that includes parasitism and micropredation and parasitoids.
- Predation
- A ____ _____ is referring to any close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms.
symbiotic relationship
- A symbiotic relationship is referring to any close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms.
3.1. The organisms, each termed a ____, may be of the same or different species.
symbiont
it is referring to a biological and ecological interaction where both organisms benefit from each other.
- Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
- Parasitism
It is a concept that was introduced by Robert T. Paine in 1969. It pertains to species relative to its abundance is a disproportionate effect on its natural environment.
- Keystone species.
Keystone species is a concept that was introduced by ___ __ _____ in 1969. It pertains to species relative to its abundance is a disproportionate effect on its natural environment.
Robert T. Paine
A population consists of all individuals of a single ____ that exist together at a given place and time.
species
A ____ is a single type of organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
species
A ______ consists of all individuals of a single species that exist together at a given place and time.
population
All of the populations living together in the same area make up a ____.
community.
An _____ is made up of the living organisms in a community and the nonliving things, the physical and chemical factors, that they interact with.
ecosystem
The living organisms within an ecosystem are its ____ factors
biotic
the physical and chemical features within an ecosystem are ____ factors
abiotic
_____ factors include resources living organisms need, such as light, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, good soil, and nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutrients.
Abiotic
_____ factors include environmental features that are not materials or living things, such as living space and the right temperature range.
Abiotic
____ moves through an ecosystem in one direction. Organisms must make a living. This means that each individual organism must acquire enough food ____ to live and reproduce.
Energy
A species’ way of making a living is called its ____.
niche - An example of a niche is making a living as a top carnivore, an animal that eats other animals, but is not eaten by any other animals.
A ______ is the biotic part of an ecosystem. It consists of all the populations of all the species in the same area. It also includes their interactions.
community
An organism’s _____ is where it lives. The important characteristics of a _____ include climate, the availability of food, water, and other resources, and other factors, such as weather.
habitat
____ _____ in communities are important factors in natural selection. They help shape the evolution of the interacting species.
Species interactions
There are three major types of community interactions:
predation, competition, and symbiosis.
is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place. The resources might be food, water, or space.
- Competition
is a relationship in which members of one species (the predator) consume members of another species (the prey).
- Predation
There are two different types of competition:
Intraspecific competition and Interspecific competition
occurs between members of different species. For example, predators of different species might compete for the same prey.
- Interspecific competition
occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male birds of the same species might compete for mates in the same area. This type of competition is a basic factor in natural selection. It leads to the evolution of better adaptations within a species.
- Intraspecific competition
It is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits.
Symbiosis
There are three basic types of symbiosis:
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Species A: Benefits
Species B: Benefits
mutualism
Species A: Benefits
Species B: Unaffected
commensalism
Species A: Benefits
Species B: Harmed
parasitism
A ___ ____ is an arrangement of the organisms according to the order of predation in which one uses another as a food source. It also shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem.it allows one to identify what eats what.
food chain
The ___ _____ refers to the position of organisms in the food chain.
trophic level
A ___ ____ shows interlocking food chains. It allows one to see the precise feeding relationship among populations of organisms.
food web
The ___ ___ is the part of the natural ecosystem in which food, nutrients, and energy are transmitted from one organism to another organism
food chain
the ___ ___ is a system in which numerous food chains are interconnected with each other.
food web
_______ are complex systems that can be characterized by community structure (the number and size of populations and their interactions) and community dynamics (how the members and their interactions change over time).
Communities
(the number and size of populations and their interactions)
community structure
(how the members and their interactions change over time)
community dynamics
A _____ ____ is one whose presence has inordinate influence in maintaining the prevalence of various species, the ecological community’s structure, and sometimes its biodiversity.
keystone species
____ _____ are the changes in community structure and composition over time, often following environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change.
Community dynamics
Communities with a relatively constant number of species are said to be at ____. The _____ is dynamic with species identities and relationships changing over time, but maintaining relatively constant numbers.
equilibrium
_____ describes the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time after a severe disturbance.
Succession
In ____ succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living organisms.
primary
In ___ succession, a part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain.
secondary
Carolus Linnaeus invented ____ _______, the system of giving each type of organism a genus and species name.
binomial nomenclature
All types of food chains have (BLANK) as its components.
sunlight, producer, consumer, and decomposer
- Overpopulation
- Pollution
- Global Warming
- Genetic Modification
- Ocean Acidification
- Overfishing
- Deforestation
- Acid Rain
- Ozone Depletion
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
