Environmental part 1

Question 1

A first degree burn

Answer 1

is superficial (epidermis) and causes local inflammation of the skin characterized by pain, redness, and a mild amount of swelling.

Question 2

Second degree burns

Answer 2

are deeper (dermis) and in addition to the pain, redness and swelling, there is also blistering of the skin.

Question 3

Third degree burns

Answer 3

are deeper still, involving all layers of the skin (down to the hypodermis). The nerves and blood vessels are damaged. white and leathery and tend to be relatively painless. Dermal appendages do not regenerate in 3rd degree burns

Question 4

What is the organism that Aflatoxin B1 caused by?

Answer 4

Caused by Aspergillus flavus

Question 5

What are some of the symptoms of aflatoxin b1?

Answer 5

Later causes Cirrhosis of Liver and Hepatocellular cancer

Question 6

how is aflatoxin b1 spread?

Answer 6

Improperly stored foodstuff, especially peanuts and corn.

Question 7

What is the single most common cause of preventable mortality?

Answer 7

Tobacco smoke

Question 8

What do cigarettes contain and what is the mechanism of damage?

Answer 8

Tar, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Benzopyrenes, Nitrosamines Cytochrome P450 converts carcinogens to secondary metabolites which covalently bind to DNA  Lung cancer

Question 9

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes

Answer 9

Fetal Alcohol syndrome : Microcephaly, Growth retardation, facial abnormalities

Question 10

Tobacco smoking consumption during pregnancy causes

Answer 10

Fetal hypoxia, low birth weight [IUGR], prematurity, increased incidence of spontaneous abortion, premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, abruptio placentae

Question 11

Cocaine consumption during pregnancy causes

Answer 11

Decreased blood flow to placenta, fetal hypoxia, spontaneous abortion

Question 12

Heroin is given through which route?

Answer 12

IV/subcutaneous

Question 13

Cocaine is given through which route?

Answer 13

Snorted/IV/subcutaneous

Question 14

Marijuana is given through what route?

Answer 14

smoking

Question 15

What are the effects of Heroin?

Answer 15

CNS depressent, arrhythmia’s, sudden death Right sided endocarditis Overdose - hypothermia, hypotension, convulsions

Question 16

What are the effects of Cocaine?

Answer 16

Overdose: seizures, arrhythmias CVS: MI ischemia due to coronary vasocinsctition Perforation of nasal septum

Question 17

what are the effects of marijuana?

Answer 17

Tachycardia, HTN, Angina Laryngitis, pharyngitis (anything with your lungs)

Question 18

Meth route?

Answer 18

Oral/snorted/injected

Question 19

Effects of Meth?

Answer 19

Euphoria, followed by crash. Long term - violence, confusion, hallucinations

Question 20

Mechanism of Meth?

Answer 20

Releases dopamine in brain which inhibits presynaptic neurotransmission

Question 21

What is Pneumoconiosis?

Answer 21

Non cancer lung reaction to inhalation of minerals or other dusts between 1-5um, concurrent smokers are worse.

Question 22

What are the 4 major causes of pneumoconiosis?

Answer 22

Coal dust, silica, asbestos, beryllium

Question 23

What do you see in Coal Workers Pneumoconioses (CWP)?

Answer 23

1. Anthracosis 2. Simple CWP : min fibrosis 3. Progressive massive fibrosis : (lung function compromised) - fibrous nodules (up to 2 cm) - sometimes coalesce - “black lung”, central necrosis. Caplan’s syndrome rheumatoid arthritis

Question 24

Silicosis crystalline formation is seen in people who work in?

Answer 24

stone cutting, foundry work, ceramics, sandblasting

Question 25

What are some things you see in Silicosis?

Answer 25

Acute silicosis : very heavy exposure – alveolar proteinosis Chronic : parenchymal nodules (several mm) - white to black, Hard Collagenous scars. Emphysema. Eggshell calcifications in LN. C/F: Increased risk of TB.

Question 26

What are the two types of Asbestosis?

Answer 26

Asbestosis serpentine (MC) chrysotile amphibole (straight, stiff fibers) - more pathogenic

Question 27

What do you see in Asbestosis?

Answer 27

Localized fibrous plaques, Interstitial fibrosis (asbestosis), mesothelioma, C/F: dyspnea, cough, sputum, Resp failure, Cor pulmonale

Question 28

Berylliosis is caused by?

Answer 28

inhalation of dusts electronics, nuclear industry

Question 29

What are some findings in Berylliosis?

Answer 29

pulmonary and systemic granulomatous disease closely mimicking sarcoidosis

Question 31

Aspergillus toxicity (Alfa B1)

Answer 31

Weight loss, painless jaundice, hepatomegaly, and pitting edema