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*MOD Exam 2 > Environmental Nutrition (Martin Lecture) > Flashcards

Environmental Nutrition (Martin Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Generally, what trends have we observed in diseases that are increasing?

A

Cardiovascular disease

Cancer

HIV/AIDs and TB

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2
Q

Generally, what trends have we observed in diseases that are decreasing?

A

Neonatal conditions

Diarrhea

Lower respiratory infections

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3
Q

What are some negative impacts on human health suffered from climate change?

A

Air pollution/heatwaves –> Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory dzs

Floods/disruption of clean water supplies –> Gastroenteritis, cholera & foodborne/waterborne infectious dzs

Disrupted crop production –> malnutrition

Increased temps, extreme weather –> Malaria, dengue fever

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4
Q

Pollutant:

Ozone

Populations at risk?

A

Healthy children

Healthy adults

Atheletes

Outdoor workers

Asthmatics

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5
Q

Pollutant:

Ozone

Effects on healthy adults/chilrden?

A

Decreased lung function

Increased airway reactivity

Lung inflammation

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6
Q

Pollutant:

Ozone

Effects on Athletes, outdoor workers, asthmatics?

A

Decreased exercise capacity

Increased hospitalizations

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7
Q

Pollutant:

Sulfur Dioxide

Populations at risk?

A

Healthy adults

Individuals with chronic lung disease

Asthmatics

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8
Q

Pollutant:

Sulfur Dioxide

Effect on healthy adults?

A

Increased respiratory symptoms

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9
Q

Pollutant:

Sulfur Dioxide

Effect on Individuals with chronic lung disease?

A

Increased mortality

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10
Q

Pollutant:

Sulfur Dioxide

Effect on Asthmatics?

A

Increased hospitalization

Decreased lung function

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11
Q

Why is particulate matter (soot) so dangerous to inhale?

A

*THEY ENTER THE ALVEOLI –> which causes the release of inflammatory mediators

Induces pulmonary inflammation and secondary CV effects

Fine or Ultrafine particles less than 10microm in diameter are the most harmful

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12
Q

What is the major hallmark for carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry red color of the skin and mucous membranes

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13
Q

Describe carbon monoxide’s characteristics as a gas

A

Nonirritating

Colorless

Tasteless

Odorless

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14
Q

What are some notable situations where a person is suceptible to chronic CO poisoning?

A

Working in tunnels

Underground garages

Highway toll booths

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15
Q

What are some notable situations where a person is suceptible to acute CO poisoning?

A

In small, closed garage w/ running car

Mine fires

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16
Q

How does CO poisoning ultimatley kill?

A

Kills by inducing CNS depression and widespread ischemic changes

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17
Q

What anatomic structures are affected by CO poisoning?

A

Basal ganglia

Lenticular nuclei

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18
Q

If your patient recovers from CO poisoning, what would you expect to be lasting effects?

A

Memory, vision, hearing and speech impairment

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19
Q

With 60-70% CO saturation, a person can die in as little as…

A

5 min

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20
Q

What is unique about a CO poisoned brain vs a normal brain?

A

CO posioned brain has increased detail in anatomical structures

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21
Q

What are examples of indoor air pollution?

A
  • Wood smoke
  • Bioaerosols (pet dander, fungi, molds)
  • Radon
  • Formaldehyde
  • Sick building syndrome
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22
Q

Lead

What are it’s effects on the human body?

A

Hematologic

Skeletal

Neurologic

GI

Renal

TOXICITIES!!!!

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23
Q

Where is lead frequently found by children?

A

Flaking lead paint and soil

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24
Q

Where are common places for adults to encounter lead during occupational exposure?

A

Battery manufacturing

Pigments

Car radiators

Tin cans

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25
Q

Where does lead primarily deposit in the human body?

How long does it stay there?

A

Bone & Developing teeth

20-30 years!

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26
Q

Low levels of lead in the body lead to in children?

A

Subtle deficits in…

  • Intellect
  • Behavioral problems
  • Hyperactivity
  • Poor organizatinoal skills in kids
  • Brain damage
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27
Q

Low levels of lead causes what symptoms in adults?

A

CNS disturbances

Wrist drop

Foot drop

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28
Q

What is a hallmark finding in the bones to indicate lead poisoning?

A

“Lead lines”

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29
Q

What are the major things you will see on a CBC with a patient with lead posioning?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Basophilic stippling

Ring sideroblasts

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30
Q

What is “lead colic”?

A

Extremely severe and poorly localized abdominal pain caused by lead poisoning

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31
Q

What is this showing?

A

Lead lines

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32
Q

What is this showing?

A

Lead lines

33
Q

What is this?

A

Ringed Sideroblast

Associated with sideroblastic anemia due to excess IRON in mitochondria

34
Q

Classification of anemia

What are the lab values for:

MCV

MCH

That would allow a microcytic anemia diagnosis?

A

[average RBC size] MCV <80 fL

[hemoglobin amount per RBC] MCH <27 pg

35
Q

Histologically speaking…

How big should a RBC be?

A

A RBC should be about the same size as the nucleus of a normal lymphocyte

36
Q

What is this?

A

Microcytic/hypochromic anemia

37
Q

What is this?

A

Basophilic stippling

38
Q

What are three major metals that are enviornmental pollutants?

A

Mercury

Arsenic

Cadmium

39
Q

What disease is related to mercury poisoining?

A

Minamata disease:

Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero

40
Q

What disease is related to cadmium poisoning?

A

“Itai-Itai” (ouch-ouch)

Oseoporosis and osteomalacia w/ renal disease

41
Q

What are visual indicators that someone has had arsenic poisoning?

A

Hyperpigmentation

Hyperkeratosis

“MEES lines” in the nails

42
Q

What are examples of organic solvents?

A

Chloroform

Carbon Tetrachloride

43
Q

What can prolonged exposure of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride do to the human body?

A

CNS depression

Coma

44
Q

ASSOCIATE: Occupational exposure of rubber workers to …

A

Benzene and 1,3-butadiene

45
Q

What is the effect of benzene/1,3-butadiene on these rubber workers?

A

Marrow aplasia

HUGE RISK for acute myeloid leukemia

46
Q

Asbestosis leads to?

A

Mesothelioma ; black lung

47
Q

What are furrungious bodies?

A

Asbestos fibers coated in iron

48
Q

Vinyl chloride leads to?

A

Angiosarcomas in liver

49
Q

What is bisphenol A?

A

BPA

Lines almost all food bottles and cans

*Is a potential endocrine disruptor

50
Q

What is this?

A

Aplastic anemia

51
Q

Name the disease

A

Mesothelioma

52
Q

Name the disease

A

Black lung

53
Q

Tobacco accounts for ___% of lung cancers

A

90%

54
Q

How do you calculate pack years?

A

Pack years = average number of cigarette packs smoked/day (x) # years smoking

55
Q

Describe the benefits of cessation of smoking for a smoker

A

Within 5 years, cessation of smoking improves mortality and decreases risk of death from cardiovascular disease

Lung cancer mortality drops by 21% w/in 5 years

56
Q

Even if you quit smoking, the excess risk of smoking persists…

A

For 30 years

57
Q

Agents in tobacco smoke have a direct irritant effect on _______________

A

Tracheobronchial mucosa

58
Q

Tobacco smoke influences the tracheobronchial mucosa by…

A

Inducing inflammation

and

Increasing mucus production (bronchitis)

*Remeber, you get that nasty smokers cough b/c the smoke directly effects the ability of your respiratory cilia to “beat” debris out of the respiratory system

59
Q

Cigarette smokers are at an increased risk of:

A

Emphysema

Bronchitis

ALL forms of cancer

COPD

MI

Atherosclerosis

60
Q

Maternal smoking poses in increased risk of?

A

Spontaneous abortions

Preterm births

Intrauterine growth redardation

61
Q

The risk of lung cancer is determined by?

A

The number of cigarettes smoked

62
Q

Considerations when combining alcohol and smoking?

A

Mutiplicative increase in the risk of laryngeal cancer

63
Q

Most of the alcohol in the blood is oxidized to?

By what enzyme?

A

Acetaldehyde

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

64
Q

What are the ACUTE adverse effects of EtOH?

A
  • Steatosis (fatty liver)
  • CNS effects (depressant)
65
Q

What are the CHRONIC adverse effects of EtOH?

A

Liver: steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma

Thiamine: peripheral neuropathies, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Alcoholic cardioomyopathy= dilated congestive cardiomyopathy

Malnutrition - VITAMIN B!!!

66
Q

Smooth philtrum is an indication of what disease process?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

67
Q

Discoloration of the skin in this image is caused by?

A

Adverse drug reaction to Antibiotic = Minocycline

68
Q

What is a rare disorder has an increased risk in oral contraceptive use?

A

Hepatic adenoma

69
Q

What are you at an increased risk of aquiring with acetaminophen?

A

Liver failure

Centrilobar necrosis

70
Q

What are you at increased risk of aquiring w/ aspirin?

A

Acute salicylate poisoning effects the brain

Analgesic nephropathy

71
Q

What are the profound risks with opiate intake?

A

Respiratory depression

Arrhythmia

Cardiac arrest

Pulmonary edema

72
Q

What are the major risks associated with cocaine use?

A

Tachycardia

HTN

Peripheral vasoconstriction

73
Q

Describe the differences b/w burn classifications

A

1st degree= superficial, only epidermis

2nd degree = partial thickness

3rd degree = full thickness, extend into the subq tissue

74
Q

What is the rule of nines used to calculate?

A

Percentage of body surface covered in burns

75
Q

What is a pugilistic stance?

A

Body burned beyond recognition

76
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

“Heat-stroke-like”

Rise in core body temp and muscle contractions

In response to ANESTHETICS (RYR1 gene)

77
Q

What are “second cancers”?

A

OTHER cancers develop in indivuduals who received radiation therapy for an initial cancer

78
Q

Effects of total-body ionizing radiation

When is the brain effected?

A

SUPER HIGH DOSE

79
Q

slide 73 stopped

Dr. martin said to be able to diff major dz

A

*MOD Exam 2 (11 decks)

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