Environmental Influences On Human Development Flashcards
Smoking’s effects as a teratogen
2x risk for low birthrate
Cleft lip/palate
SIDS
Xenobiotics that get absorbed through the lungs
TCE
Radon Gas
T\_\_\_\_ O\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ R\_\_\_\_\_ C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ H\_\_\_\_\_\_
Most TORCH infections cause ______ maternal morbidities
Treatment of maternal infection frequently has _____ impact on fetus
________ and _______ are among the outcomes of TORCH infections
Toxoplasmosis Other (Zika, chickenpox, varicella, syphilis, parvovirus) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes
Most TORCH infections cause MILD maternal morbidities
Treatment of maternal infection frequently has NO IMPACT impact on fetus
MICROCEPHALY and MENTAL RETARDATION are among the outcomes of TORCH infections
Rubella is caused by _____. Symptoms are generally ____ and ____ in children, adults have more severe infection.
Incubation period: - weeks
Most dangerous to fetus when infection occurs in ___ trimester.
Classic Triad of CRS:
______, _____, and ______
Rubella is caused by TOGOVIRUS. Symptoms are generally FLU-LIKE and RASH in children, adults have more severe infection.
Incubation period: 2-3 weeks
Most dangerous to fetus when infection occurs in FIRST trimester.
Classic Triad of CRS:
SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS, CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, OCULAR ABNORMALITIES
Critical Developmental Periods
- Ears and eyes: ___-___ day
- Upper limbs: ____-___ day
- Lower limbs: ___-____ day
Critical Developmental Periods
- Ears and eyes: 20-25th day
- Upper limbs: 26-30th day
- Lower limbs: 31-36th day
Folate (Vit B_/__) Deficiency
- Folate is needed for ______ synthesis
- Results in ____ defects—> pathological manifestation is _____ ___
- Decreased ___ mass, ______
- Critical period is ______
- Defining characteristic: ______ anemia, which is characterized by _____ and _____
- Can prevent with dietary supplement before and during pregancy
Things that can cause folate deficiency besides bad diet:
- maternal ____, ____, ____ ____
- antifolate drugs that interact with _____ receptor such as:
- _____, _____, _____
Folate (Vit B9/12) Deficiency
- Folate is needed for DNA synthesis
- Results in NEURAL TUBE defects—> pathological manifestation is SPINA BIFIDA
- Decreased BRAIN mass, MICROCEPHALY
- Critical period is FIRST MONTH
- Defining characteristic: MEGALOBLASTIC anemia, which is characterized by LARGE RBCs and HIGH WBC/PLATELET CTS
- Can prevent with dietary supplement before and during pregancy
Things that can cause folate deficiency besides bad diet:
- maternal SMOKING, ALCOHOL, KIDNEY DIALYSIS
- antifolate drugs that interact with VIT B9 receptor such as:
- ANTICONVULSANTS, METFORMIN, METHOTREXATE
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
-marked by: _____, _______, ______, _____, ______, _____, ____, _____
It’s the most common cause of _____ mental retardation
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
-marked by: DECREASED GROWTH RATE, FACIAL ABNORMALITIES, MICROCEPHALY, MICROOPHTHALMIA, HYPERACTIVITY, DELAYED MOTOR SKILLS, DELAYED LEARNING/LANGUAGE SKILLS, HEARING LOSS
It’s the most common cause of PREVENTABLE mental retardation
Thalidomide was a ____, used for ____ ____.
It’s teratogenic symptoms are:
- ________
- ________
- ________
- ___ and ____ defects
Mechanism of action:
-arrested development of important ____ ____
Beneficial uses for thalidomide: ____, _____, and _______
Thalidomide was a SEDATIVE, used for MORNING SICKNESS.
It’s teratogenic symptoms are:
- PHOCOMELIA
- AMELIA
- SYNDACTYLY
- EAR and EYE defects
Mechanism of action:
-arrested development of important BLOOD VESSELS
Beneficial uses for thalidomide: LEPROSY, MULTIPLE MYELOMA, DERMATOLOGIC CASES
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was used for ____ ____. It causes ___ ___ in female offspring, specifically ___-___ ________ shortly after _____.
- Critical period of maternal exposure was _ trimester
- The lesions are _____-sensitive.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was used for THREATENED MISCARRIAGE. It causes CLEAR-CELL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE VAGINA in female offspring, shortly after MENARCHE.
- Critical period of maternal exposure was FIRST trimester
- The lesions are ESTRADIOL-sensitive.
Things that cause intrauterine growth restriction
Placental abnormalities
Pre-eclampsia or diabetes
Chromosomal syndromes
Smoking/Alcohol
Xenobiotics
TORCH infections
Maternal malnutrition
Fetal origins of adult disease and Barker Hypothesis
- premature babies tend to become ____ children.
- they tend to face certain diseases in adulthood such as: _______, ____, ____ ______, and ______
- chronic stress and ____ stimulus leads to intrauterine growth retardation
Fetal origins of adult disease and Barker Hypothesis
- premature babies tend to become OBESE children.
- they tend to face certain diseases in adulthood such as: HYPERTENSION, CAD, GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE, AND DYSLIPIDEMIA
- chronic stress and CORTICOID STIMULI stimulus leads to intrauterine growth retardation
Ethylmercury is also known as _____
Methylmercury is mainly found in _____
People are more likely to get mercury poisoning by:
_______, and ________
Ethylmercury is also known as THIMEROSOL
Methylmercury is mainly found in FISH
People are more likely to get mercury poisoning by:
EATING FISH MULTIPLE TIMES PER WEEK, and EATING FISH OF PREY (SWORDFISH AND TUNA)
PCBs are concentrated in fish from the ____ ___.
Prenatal exposure to PCBs leads to ________ and _______
There is a ____-____ relationship between PCBs and IQ.
PCBs are concentrated in fish from the GREAT LAKES.
Prenatal exposure to PCBs leads to DECREASE IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION and DECREASE IN GESTATION DURATION
There is a DOSE-RESPONSE relationship between PCBs and IQ.
Symptoms of Pb Poisoning (from minor to severe)
Hypertension Protophorphyrin increase Hearing loss Peripheral neuropathy Hb synthesis decreased Anemia Encephalopathy
Lead exposure of
Lead exposure of <5 MICROGRAMS PER DECILITER has been associated with lower cognitive devleopment
