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Facts based on ISU course > environmental health and tox > Flashcards

environmental health and tox Flashcards

1
Q

An Animal Feeding Operation by definition means you need to bring feed onto premises to feed animals for minimum of ___ days per year.

A

45 days

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2
Q

Toxic principle on Tall Fescue and clinical signs in what species?

A

Ergovaline alkaloids cause dry gangrene of digits, abdominal fat necrosis, agalactia in late gestation in horses and cattle

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3
Q

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) causes ____ clinical sign in horses?

A

Laminitis

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4
Q

Hoary alyssum (bertoa incana) can cause ____ clinical signs in ____ species?

A

Laminitis and dependent edema in horses

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5
Q

Death Camas (Zygadenus spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Alkaloids zygacine causes vasodilation , hypotension, bradycardia, seizures, death

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6
Q

4 main cardiotoxic plants?

A

Taxus spp (yews) Digitalis (foxglove, oleander, lily of the valley, dogbane), Grayanotoxins (rhodadendrons, azaleas, heath), Trematone (Eupatorium/ White snake root)

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7
Q

Main toxic principle and clinical signs for milkweeds (Asclepias)?

A

Cardiac and GI signs; cardenolides (cardiac glycoside)

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8
Q

Main components of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

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9
Q

What size particulate matter lodges in nose/pharynx? What size lodges in lower airways?

A

PM10- nose; PM 2.5- lungs

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10
Q

Main toxin in Taxus spp and main clinical signs?

A

Alkaloids Taxine A and B; Cardiac and GI; sudden death

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11
Q

Main toxin in Persea americana (Avocado) and clinical signs?

A

Unknown toxin; cardiac (Horses, birds), SQ tissues, and mastitis… skin and seeds most toxic

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12
Q

5 plants causing hemolytic anemia?

A

Allium spp, Acer rubrum (red maple), Brassica spp, Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover), Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) in cattle esp

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13
Q

5 Plants that cause cyanide poisoning?

A

Wild cherry, choke cherry, Sorghum spp (Johnson grass, sudan grass), Arrograss, Elderberry

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14
Q

What color is blood in cyanide poisoning?

A

Cherry red

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15
Q

Toxic principle in moulded sweet clover hay?

A

Dicourmarol (anticoagulant)

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16
Q

4 Plants that cause methemoglobinemia?

A

Amaranthus spp (Pigweed,), Lambs quarters, Kochia spp (burning bush, fireweed), Sorghum spp (johnsongrass, sudan grass)

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17
Q

6 Plants that cause liver toxicosis?

A

Senicio, crotalaria, Cocklebur, Gossypol, alsike clover, Sago palms

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18
Q

5 Algae or mycotoxins that cause liver toxicosis?

A

Aflatoxin, fumonisin, sporodesmin, blue-green algae, amanita mushrooms

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19
Q

Senecio spp toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and liver toxicosis (Hepatic insufficiency, HE, death)

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20
Q

Cockleburr (Xanthium spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Carboxytractyloside and hepatotoxic primarily in swine

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21
Q

Key species of blue-green Algae?

A

Microcystis and Anabena

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22
Q

2 Plants associated with photosensitization (primary)?

A

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp), St John’s wort (Hypericum)

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23
Q

4 Plants associated with nephrotoxicity?

A

Quercus spp (oaks), Amaranthus spp (redroot pigweed- swine), Lillium and Hemerocallis (lilies- cats),

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24
Q

5 Oxalate-containing plants?

A

Sorrel, dock, Amaranthus (pigweed), Rhubarb, Chenpodium album (Lamb’s quarters, greasewood, burning bush),

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25
Q

5 Plants with CNS signs?

A

Astralagus/Oxytroppis spp (locoweed), Yellow star thistle, Russian knapweed, Aesculus spp (Ohio buckeye), Morning glory seeds

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26
Q

5 Plants causing paresis/paralysis?

A

Larkspur (delphinium spp), macadamia nuts, Karwinskia (Coyotillo), Lathyrus spp (Vetches), Sorghum spp (horses- ataxia, urine dribbling)

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27
Q

Toxic principle locoweed and clinical signs?

A

Inhibits alpha mannosidase. Horses- ataxia; cattle/sheep: abortions, skeletal malformations

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28
Q

“Chewing disease” is caused by what?

A

Chronic ingestion of yellowstar thistle.

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29
Q

1ppm= ___mg/L?

A

1mg/L

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30
Q

Season where blue-green algae can be issue in freshwater sources?

A

Late summer early fall

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31
Q

For recreational waters and beaches, water quality is based on what two indicators?

A

Enterococcus and E. coli

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32
Q

Cause of blue baby syndrome?

A

Elevated nitrates in drinking water, which is converted to nitrites in the body and decreases oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin

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33
Q

Main concern with phosphorus in surface water?

A

Increases growth of algae and aquatic plants which consume all the oxygen

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34
Q

Lupine toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Lupinine (alkaloid); crooked calf dz (cattle), neuro signs (horses, cattle, sheep)

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35
Q

Poison hemlock clinical signs?

A

Rapid neuro signs, death; subclinical dose can cause arthrogryposis in cattle

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36
Q

4 plants that cause seizures?

A

Water hemlock, milkweed, fitweed, dutchman’s breeches

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37
Q

3 plants that cause CNS depression?

A

Eupatoruim spp (White snakeroot), Isocoma wrightii (rayless goldenrod), Stipa robusta (sleepy grass)

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38
Q

4 Cholinergic blocking plants?

A

Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Solanum spp (nightshades), Atropa belladonna (belladonna) Cestrum diurnum (Night blooming jessamine)

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39
Q

Toxic principle nightshades and clinical signs?

A

Solanine causes cholinesterase and GI irritation; ataxia, depression, GI signs

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40
Q

Who regulates disinfectants and antiseptics?

A

Disinfectants= EPA (used on inanimate things) Antiseptics = FDA (used on living things)

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41
Q

OSHA is part of what federal department? What about NIOSH

A

OSHA = dept of labor (regulatory/enforecement); NIOSH = Health and human services as part of CDC (research, advisement)

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42
Q

Aflatoxins clinical signs

A

p450 inhibitors; liver toxicosis in many species

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43
Q

What species is especially sensitive to carcinogenic properties of aflatoxins?

A

Trout get hepatocellular carcinomas.

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44
Q

Melamine combines with ____ to cause acute renal failure in cats

A

Cyanuric acid

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45
Q

Definition toxicant vs toxin?

A

Toxicant: any agent capable of producing a deleterious effect on a biological system.
Toxin: Poison that originates from biological processes

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46
Q

Definition threshold dose (toxins)?

A

Highest dose in which toxic signs are not seen

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47
Q

1ppm = ___ g/ton

A

0.91g/ton

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48
Q

Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?

A

veratrum spp

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49
Q

What are effects of ground level ozone

A

Respiratory irritant and toxin, photosynthesis inhibitor

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50
Q

What are four common air pollutants associated with CAFOs?

A

Ammonia, H2S, methane, particulate matter

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51
Q

1ppm = ___ g/ton

A

0.91g/ton

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52
Q

Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?

A

veratrum spp

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53
Q

Carbamate and organophosphate mechanism of action and clinical signs

A

Ach inhibitor; see SLUD signs, seizures, death

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54
Q

The PETS Act ammended the ____ act to include household pet in evacuation plans

A

Stafford Act

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55
Q

What are the four possible characteristics of hazardous waste?

A

Ignitability (flammable), Toxicity (fatal/harmful) , corrosivity (pH), Reactivity (explosive)

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56
Q 
Which metal as found in the milk of dairy cattle 
after feeding round bales used for 
target practice?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

A. Lead

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57
Q 
Which metal causes bloody guts and is found in 
highest levels in the kidney? 
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

D. Arsenic

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58
Q 
Which metal has highest levels in the brain an is an 
environmental concern? 
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

E. Mercury

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59
Q 
Which metal has highest levels in the liver but 
causes gunmetal kidneys in sheep?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

C. Copper

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60
Q

Which metal made the blue man blue?

a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury

A

B. Silver

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61
Q

Most common source and clinical signs of lead poisoning in cattle?

A

Batteries and blindness/dullness

62
Q

Most common source and clinical signs of GI signs in dogs?

A

lead paint & GI signs

63
Q

Highest concentration of lead is in what organ?

A

Kidney, also liver

64
Q

Common sources for arsenic?

A

Treated lumber (even ashes from burned lumber), weed killers, older green paint,

65
Q

Common clinical signs of arsenic poisoning?

A

Sudden death, bloody guts

66
Q 
Which metal Is often found in high levels in chicken 
litter and has resulted in toxic levels in 
grazing animals?  
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
67
Q

Which metal causes hemolysis in

dogs & damages kidneys?

68
Q

Limberneck in birds and shaker foals in horses are caused by ____ toxin

69
Q

Moldy corn disease in horses caused by ___?

A

Fumonisin (horses most sensitive to brain/liver damage)

70
Q

Chewing disease in ruminants is caused by ___?

A

yellow star thistle

71
Q

Gas eye in chickens is caused by ___?

A

Elevated ammonia levels in chicken houses

72
Q

“Milk sickness” in calves is caused by ___?

A

Mother’s ingestion of white snakeroot (Trematone)- passed in milk

73
Q

Crooked calf disease (arthrogryposis) is caused by ___?

A

Lupine ingestion during pregnancy

74
Q

Aflatoxins cause what pathologic changes

A

Hepatotoxin

75
Q

Zearalenone causes what clinical signs in swine?

A

Hyperestrogenism/prolapses associated with mold in corn

76
Q

Slaframine mycotoxin causes what clinical signs?

A

Mycotoxin of red clover- causes intense salivation

77
Q

Aflatoxin residues are found in what tissues?

A

Meat, milk (toxin M1)

78
Q

Which toxin causes delayed pulmonary edema?

A

NO2 (silo filler’s disease)

79
Q

3 differentials for blind/circling calves (toxin focused)

A

Lead, Polioencephalomalacia (sulfur), water deprivation/salt tox)

80
Q

What two plants can cause interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle?

A

Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes

81
Q

What plant can cause granulomatous skin lesions in livestock?

82
Q

Mechanism of action for carbamates and organophosphates?

A

Overwhelm parasympathetic system

83
Q

Antidote for nitrate?

A

Methylene blue

84
Q

Antidote for lead in large animals?

85
Q

Antidote for lead in small animals?

86
Q

Antidote for Cyanide?

A

Na Thiosulfate & nitrite

87
Q

Antidote for antifreeze?

A

Ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole

88
Q

Antidote for mercury?

A

BAL (chelator), succimer

89
Q

Antidote for organophosphates or carbamates?

90
Q

Antidote for copper

A

D-penicillamine

91
Q

Antidote for larkspur (glycoside)

A

Physostigmine

92
Q

Mulberry heart disease in swine is caused by __?

A

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

93
Q

White muscle disease caused by ___?

A

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

94
Q

Ricketts caused by

A

Vit D deficiency

95
Q

What are the four steps of Integrated Pest Management?

A

PAMS- prevention, avoidance, monitoring, suppression

96
Q

Nitrates cause _____ which turns blood _____

A

Methemoglobinemia; Brown

97
Q

Cyanide causes _____ which turns blood _____

A

Oxyhemoglobinemia; cherry red

98
Q

Oak toxicity causes ____

A

GI signs & Kidney-perirenal edema

99
Q

Locoweed causes ___

A

CNS, abortions, Alkali Disease, High mountain disease

100
Q

Oleander causes ____

A

cardiotoxic

101
Q

Brackenfern causes ____

A

Bladder cancer

102
Q

Cocklebur causes ___

103
Q

Poison hemlock causes _____

A

CNS, stimulation then depression

104
Q

Bermuda grass causes _____

A

Bermuda grass staggers

105
Q

Water hemlock causes _____

A

Violent convulsions

106
Q

Perilla mint causes ______

A

Interstitial pneumonia

107
Q

Senna causes _____

A

Heart lesions

108
Q

Broomweed, sumpweed, Locoweed, pine cause ___

109
Q

Dumbcane-Diffenbachia causes _____

A

Oral irritation and GI signs

110
Q

Toxicity associated with feeding distiller’s grain

111
Q

Toxicity associated with ionophores

A

Cardiotoxic

112
Q

Toxicity associated with cottonseed

A

Cardiotoxic

113
Q

Toxicity associated with aflatoxin?

A

Hepatotoxic

114
Q

Toxicity associated with fumoninsin

A

Hepatotoxic and neuro toxic

115
Q

Toxicity associated with blister beetles

A

GI inflammation/sloughing

116
Q

Most common carcinogenic effect of radiation?

117
Q

Which type of (radiation) rays originate in the nucleus of an atom? And which from the electron shell?

A

gamma- nucleus; x-ray- electron shell

118
Q

Louping ill is caused by ____?

A

tick-borne flavivirus (zoonotic- small ruminants and humans)

119
Q

Fogging of mosquitoes controls which stage?

A

Adults only

120
Q

under FIFRA, EPA must review registered pesticide safety info every ____ yrs?

121
Q

Ixodes scapularis two common names

A

deer tick; black-legged tick

122
Q

Amblyomma Americanum common name

A

Lone star tick

123
Q

Tularemia and RMSF transmitted by what tick species?

A

Amblyomma amaricanum/lone star tick and Dermacentor variabilis/ brown dog tick

124
Q

Dermacentor variabilis common names (2)

A

Brown dog tick, wood tick

125
Q

Scrub typhus common name?

A

Tsutsugamushi disease

126
Q

Scrub typhus cause and vector?

A

Orientia tsutsugamushi; Larval trombiculid mites

127
Q

Cimex lectularius common name?

128
Q

Rat bite fever cause?

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

129
Q

Murine typhuys cause and vector?

A

Rickettsia typhi; fleas (Cheopsis)

130
Q

Two fungal diseases from inhalating pigeon poop?

A

Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum) , Cryptococosis (Cryptococcus neoformans)

131
Q

Causative agent white nose syndrome?

A

Pseudogymnoascus destructans

132
Q

Radioactive cesium mimics ___ element and concentrates in _____ tissue

A

Mimics K; concentrates in muscle

133
Q

Radioactive strontium mimics ____ element and concentrates in ____ tissues

A

mimics calcium; concentrates in bone

134
Q

What are the five key modules of ICS?

A

Planning, Logistics, Finance, Operations, and Command

135
Q

In ICS, what is optimal ratio of supervisor: subordinates

136
Q

Noise above ____ dBA for 8 hours is considered hazardous

137
Q

External radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energy are most detrimental?

A

Gamma and xray

138
Q

Internal radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energies are most detrimental?

A

Alpha and beta

139
Q

Radon emits what sort of ionizing radiation?

A

Alpha particles

140
Q

How are people most commonly exposed to dioxins?

A

Through contaminated animal products?

141
Q

How are animals most commonly exposed to dioxins?

A

Through consumption of contaminated soils or vegetation

142
Q

Primary result of hexavalent chromium exposure

A

lung cancer

143
Q

1g/ton = ____ ppm

144
Q

What species is affected if you have excess copper and deficiency in molybdenum?

145
Q

What species is affected if you have excess molybdenum and deficiency of copper?

146
Q

Which is more susceptible to urea toxicity- cattle or horses?

A

Cattle- Rumen bacteria contain urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and non-protein nitrogen.

147
Q

A cattle farmers has aflatoxin in corn- 40 ppm- action level is 20 ppm. What can farmer do to dispose of 50K bushels of corn?

A

If beef, dilute corn by half with clean product. If dairy, do not feed since aflatoxin concentrates in milk and FDA considers aflatoxins as adulterants

148
Q

Farmer with brood mares, pasture is bad because of drought, has sorghum field, and wants advice on pasturing mares on sorghum.

A

1) sorghum tox = nitrate poisoning (methemoglobinemia)
2) plants concentrate nitrates during drought conditions
3) also contain glycosides that can cause late-term abortions or prolonged gestation in mares

149
Q

What toxic plant causes pulmonary edema?

A

Perilla frutescen-common name is either beefsteak

plant or wild mint.

150
Q

Silo filler’s disease caused by

A

Nitrogen oxide inhalation

151
Q

Which greenhouse gas causes most infrared trapping?

A

Water vapor (others = SO2, Cl, methane, NOx, SO2)

Facts based on ISU course (6 decks)

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