Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Facts based on ISU course > environmental health and tox > Flashcards

environmental health and tox Flashcards

1
Q

An Animal Feeding Operation by definition means you need to bring feed onto premises to feed animals for minimum of ___ days per year.

A

45 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Toxic principle on Tall Fescue and clinical signs in what species?

A

Ergovaline alkaloids cause dry gangrene of digits, abdominal fat necrosis, agalactia in late gestation in horses and cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) causes ____ clinical sign in horses?

A

Laminitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hoary alyssum (bertoa incana) can cause ____ clinical signs in ____ species?

A

Laminitis and dependent edema in horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Death Camas (Zygadenus spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Alkaloids zygacine causes vasodilation , hypotension, bradycardia, seizures, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 main cardiotoxic plants?

A

Taxus spp (yews) Digitalis (foxglove, oleander, lily of the valley, dogbane), Grayanotoxins (rhodadendrons, azaleas, heath), Trematone (Eupatorium/ White snake root)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main toxic principle and clinical signs for milkweeds (Asclepias)?

A

Cardiac and GI signs; cardenolides (cardiac glycoside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Main components of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What size particulate matter lodges in nose/pharynx? What size lodges in lower airways?

A

PM10- nose; PM 2.5- lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main toxin in Taxus spp and main clinical signs?

A

Alkaloids Taxine A and B; Cardiac and GI; sudden death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main toxin in Persea americana (Avocado) and clinical signs?

A

Unknown toxin; cardiac (Horses, birds), SQ tissues, and mastitis… skin and seeds most toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5 plants causing hemolytic anemia?

A

Allium spp, Acer rubrum (red maple), Brassica spp, Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover), Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) in cattle esp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

5 Plants that cause cyanide poisoning?

A

Wild cherry, choke cherry, Sorghum spp (Johnson grass, sudan grass), Arrograss, Elderberry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What color is blood in cyanide poisoning?

A

Cherry red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Toxic principle in moulded sweet clover hay?

A

Dicourmarol (anticoagulant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 Plants that cause methemoglobinemia?

A

Amaranthus spp (Pigweed,), Lambs quarters, Kochia spp (burning bush, fireweed), Sorghum spp (johnsongrass, sudan grass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

6 Plants that cause liver toxicosis?

A

Senicio, crotalaria, Cocklebur, Gossypol, alsike clover, Sago palms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 Algae or mycotoxins that cause liver toxicosis?

A

Aflatoxin, fumonisin, sporodesmin, blue-green algae, amanita mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Senecio spp toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and liver toxicosis (Hepatic insufficiency, HE, death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cockleburr (Xanthium spp) toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Carboxytractyloside and hepatotoxic primarily in swine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Key species of blue-green Algae?

A

Microcystis and Anabena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 Plants associated with photosensitization (primary)?

A

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp), St John’s wort (Hypericum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 Plants associated with nephrotoxicity?

A

Quercus spp (oaks), Amaranthus spp (redroot pigweed- swine), Lillium and Hemerocallis (lilies- cats),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 Oxalate-containing plants?

A

Sorrel, dock, Amaranthus (pigweed), Rhubarb, Chenpodium album (Lamb’s quarters, greasewood, burning bush),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

5 Plants with CNS signs?

A

Astralagus/Oxytroppis spp (locoweed), Yellow star thistle, Russian knapweed, Aesculus spp (Ohio buckeye), Morning glory seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

5 Plants causing paresis/paralysis?

A

Larkspur (delphinium spp), macadamia nuts, Karwinskia (Coyotillo), Lathyrus spp (Vetches), Sorghum spp (horses- ataxia, urine dribbling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Toxic principle locoweed and clinical signs?

A

Inhibits alpha mannosidase. Horses- ataxia; cattle/sheep: abortions, skeletal malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

“Chewing disease” is caused by what?

A

Chronic ingestion of yellowstar thistle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

1ppm= ___mg/L?

A

1mg/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Season where blue-green algae can be issue in freshwater sources?

A

Late summer early fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

For recreational waters and beaches, water quality is based on what two indicators?

A

Enterococcus and E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cause of blue baby syndrome?

A

Elevated nitrates in drinking water, which is converted to nitrites in the body and decreases oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Main concern with phosphorus in surface water?

A

Increases growth of algae and aquatic plants which consume all the oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lupine toxic principle and clinical signs?

A

Lupinine (alkaloid); crooked calf dz (cattle), neuro signs (horses, cattle, sheep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Poison hemlock clinical signs?

A

Rapid neuro signs, death; subclinical dose can cause arthrogryposis in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

4 plants that cause seizures?

A

Water hemlock, milkweed, fitweed, dutchman’s breeches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 plants that cause CNS depression?

A

Eupatoruim spp (White snakeroot), Isocoma wrightii (rayless goldenrod), Stipa robusta (sleepy grass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

4 Cholinergic blocking plants?

A

Datura stramonium (Jimson weed), Solanum spp (nightshades), Atropa belladonna (belladonna) Cestrum diurnum (Night blooming jessamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Toxic principle nightshades and clinical signs?

A

Solanine causes cholinesterase and GI irritation; ataxia, depression, GI signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who regulates disinfectants and antiseptics?

A

Disinfectants= EPA (used on inanimate things) Antiseptics = FDA (used on living things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

OSHA is part of what federal department? What about NIOSH

A

OSHA = dept of labor (regulatory/enforecement); NIOSH = Health and human services as part of CDC (research, advisement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Aflatoxins clinical signs

A

p450 inhibitors; liver toxicosis in many species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What species is especially sensitive to carcinogenic properties of aflatoxins?

A

Trout get hepatocellular carcinomas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Melamine combines with ____ to cause acute renal failure in cats

A

Cyanuric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Definition toxicant vs toxin?

A

Toxicant: any agent capable of producing a deleterious effect on a biological system.
Toxin: Poison that originates from biological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Definition threshold dose (toxins)?

A

Highest dose in which toxic signs are not seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

1ppm = ___ g/ton

A

0.91g/ton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?

A

veratrum spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are effects of ground level ozone

A

Respiratory irritant and toxin, photosynthesis inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are four common air pollutants associated with CAFOs?

A

Ammonia, H2S, methane, particulate matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

1ppm = ___ g/ton

A

0.91g/ton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which plant can cause cyclops in sheep?

A

veratrum spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Carbamate and organophosphate mechanism of action and clinical signs

A

Ach inhibitor; see SLUD signs, seizures, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The PETS Act ammended the ____ act to include household pet in evacuation plans

A

Stafford Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the four possible characteristics of hazardous waste?

A

Ignitability (flammable), Toxicity (fatal/harmful) , corrosivity (pH), Reactivity (explosive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q 
Which metal as found in the milk of dairy cattle 
after feeding round bales used for 
target practice?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

A. Lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q 
Which metal causes bloody guts and is found in 
highest levels in the kidney? 
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

D. Arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q 
Which metal has highest levels in the brain an is an 
environmental concern? 
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

E. Mercury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q 
Which metal has highest levels in the liver but 
causes gunmetal kidneys in sheep?
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

C. Copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which metal made the blue man blue?

a. Lead
b. Silver
c. Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury

A

B. Silver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Most common source and clinical signs of lead poisoning in cattle?

A

Batteries and blindness/dullness

62
Q

Most common source and clinical signs of GI signs in dogs?

A

lead paint & GI signs

63
Q

Highest concentration of lead is in what organ?

A

Kidney, also liver

64
Q

Common sources for arsenic?

A

Treated lumber (even ashes from burned lumber), weed killers, older green paint,

65
Q

Common clinical signs of arsenic poisoning?

A

Sudden death, bloody guts

66
Q 
Which metal Is often found in high levels in chicken 
litter and has resulted in toxic levels in 
grazing animals?  
a. Lead
b. Silver
c.  Copper
d. Arsenic
e. mercury
A

C. Copper

67
Q

Which metal causes hemolysis in

dogs & damages kidneys?

A

Zinc

68
Q

Limberneck in birds and shaker foals in horses are caused by ____ toxin

A

Botulism

69
Q

Moldy corn disease in horses caused by ___?

A

Fumonisin (horses most sensitive to brain/liver damage)

70
Q

Chewing disease in ruminants is caused by ___?

A

yellow star thistle

71
Q

Gas eye in chickens is caused by ___?

A

Elevated ammonia levels in chicken houses

72
Q

“Milk sickness” in calves is caused by ___?

A

Mother’s ingestion of white snakeroot (Trematone)- passed in milk

73
Q

Crooked calf disease (arthrogryposis) is caused by ___?

A

Lupine ingestion during pregnancy

74
Q

Aflatoxins cause what pathologic changes

A

Hepatotoxin

75
Q

Zearalenone causes what clinical signs in swine?

A

Hyperestrogenism/prolapses associated with mold in corn

76
Q

Slaframine mycotoxin causes what clinical signs?

A

Mycotoxin of red clover- causes intense salivation

77
Q

Aflatoxin residues are found in what tissues?

A

Meat, milk (toxin M1)

78
Q

Which toxin causes delayed pulmonary edema?

A

NO2 (silo filler’s disease)

79
Q

3 differentials for blind/circling calves (toxin focused)

A

Lead, Polioencephalomalacia (sulfur), water deprivation/salt tox)

80
Q

What two plants can cause interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle?

A

Perilla mint, moldy sweet potatoes

81
Q

What plant can cause granulomatous skin lesions in livestock?

A

Vetch

82
Q

Mechanism of action for carbamates and organophosphates?

A

Overwhelm parasympathetic system

83
Q

Antidote for nitrate?

A

Methylene blue

84
Q

Antidote for lead in large animals?

A

Ca EDTA

85
Q

Antidote for lead in small animals?

A

Succimer

86
Q

Antidote for Cyanide?

A

Na Thiosulfate & nitrite

87
Q

Antidote for antifreeze?

A

Ethanol, 4-methylpyrazole

88
Q

Antidote for mercury?

A

BAL (chelator), succimer

89
Q

Antidote for organophosphates or carbamates?

A

Atropine

90
Q

Antidote for copper

A

D-penicillamine

91
Q

Antidote for larkspur (glycoside)

A

Physostigmine

92
Q

Mulberry heart disease in swine is caused by __?

A

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

93
Q

White muscle disease caused by ___?

A

Vit E/Selenium deficiency

94
Q

Ricketts caused by

A

Vit D deficiency

95
Q

What are the four steps of Integrated Pest Management?

A

PAMS- prevention, avoidance, monitoring, suppression

96
Q

Nitrates cause _____ which turns blood _____

A

Methemoglobinemia; Brown

97
Q

Cyanide causes _____ which turns blood _____

A

Oxyhemoglobinemia; cherry red

98
Q

Oak toxicity causes ____

A

GI signs & Kidney-perirenal edema

99
Q

Locoweed causes ___

A

CNS, abortions, Alkali Disease, High mountain disease

100
Q

Oleander causes ____

A

cardiotoxic

101
Q

Brackenfern causes ____

A

Bladder cancer

102
Q

Cocklebur causes ___

A

liver tox

103
Q

Poison hemlock causes _____

A

CNS, stimulation then depression

104
Q

Bermuda grass causes _____

A

Bermuda grass staggers

105
Q

Water hemlock causes _____

A

Violent convulsions

106
Q

Perilla mint causes ______

A

Interstitial pneumonia

107
Q

Senna causes _____

A

Heart lesions

108
Q

Broomweed, sumpweed, Locoweed, pine cause ___

A

Abortions

109
Q

Dumbcane-Diffenbachia causes _____

A

Oral irritation and GI signs

110
Q

Toxicity associated with feeding distiller’s grain

A

Sulfur

111
Q

Toxicity associated with ionophores

A

Cardiotoxic

112
Q

Toxicity associated with cottonseed

A

Cardiotoxic

113
Q

Toxicity associated with aflatoxin?

A

Hepatotoxic

114
Q

Toxicity associated with fumoninsin

A

Hepatotoxic and neuro toxic

115
Q

Toxicity associated with blister beetles

A

GI inflammation/sloughing

116
Q

Most common carcinogenic effect of radiation?

A

Leukemia

117
Q

Which type of (radiation) rays originate in the nucleus of an atom? And which from the electron shell?

A

gamma- nucleus; x-ray- electron shell

118
Q

Louping ill is caused by ____?

A

tick-borne flavivirus (zoonotic- small ruminants and humans)

119
Q

Fogging of mosquitoes controls which stage?

A

Adults only

120
Q

under FIFRA, EPA must review registered pesticide safety info every ____ yrs?

A

15 years

121
Q

Ixodes scapularis two common names

A

deer tick; black-legged tick

122
Q

Amblyomma Americanum common name

A

Lone star tick

123
Q

Tularemia and RMSF transmitted by what tick species?

A

Amblyomma amaricanum/lone star tick and Dermacentor variabilis/ brown dog tick

124
Q

Dermacentor variabilis common names (2)

A

Brown dog tick, wood tick

125
Q

Scrub typhus common name?

A

Tsutsugamushi disease

126
Q

Scrub typhus cause and vector?

A

Orientia tsutsugamushi; Larval trombiculid mites

127
Q

Cimex lectularius common name?

A

bed bug

128
Q

Rat bite fever cause?

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

129
Q

Murine typhuys cause and vector?

A

Rickettsia typhi; fleas (Cheopsis)

130
Q

Two fungal diseases from inhalating pigeon poop?

A

Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum) , Cryptococosis (Cryptococcus neoformans)

131
Q

Causative agent white nose syndrome?

A

Pseudogymnoascus destructans

132
Q

Radioactive cesium mimics ___ element and concentrates in _____ tissue

A

Mimics K; concentrates in muscle

133
Q

Radioactive strontium mimics ____ element and concentrates in ____ tissues

A

mimics calcium; concentrates in bone

134
Q

What are the five key modules of ICS?

A

Planning, Logistics, Finance, Operations, and Command

135
Q

In ICS, what is optimal ratio of supervisor: subordinates

A

1: 5

136
Q

Noise above ____ dBA for 8 hours is considered hazardous

A

85 dBA

137
Q

External radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energy are most detrimental?

A

Gamma and xray

138
Q

Internal radiation exposure- what kind of particles/energies are most detrimental?

A

Alpha and beta

139
Q

Radon emits what sort of ionizing radiation?

A

Alpha particles

140
Q

How are people most commonly exposed to dioxins?

A

Through contaminated animal products?

141
Q

How are animals most commonly exposed to dioxins?

A

Through consumption of contaminated soils or vegetation

142
Q

Primary result of hexavalent chromium exposure

A

lung cancer

143
Q

1g/ton = ____ ppm

A

1.1 ppm

144
Q

What species is affected if you have excess copper and deficiency in molybdenum?

A

Sheep

145
Q

What species is affected if you have excess molybdenum and deficiency of copper?

A

Cattle

146
Q

Which is more susceptible to urea toxicity- cattle or horses?

A

Cattle- Rumen bacteria contain urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and non-protein nitrogen.

147
Q

A cattle farmers has aflatoxin in corn- 40 ppm- action level is 20 ppm. What can farmer do to dispose of 50K bushels of corn?

A

If beef, dilute corn by half with clean product. If dairy, do not feed since aflatoxin concentrates in milk and FDA considers aflatoxins as adulterants

148
Q

Farmer with brood mares, pasture is bad because of drought, has sorghum field, and wants advice on pasturing mares on sorghum.

A

1) sorghum tox = nitrate poisoning (methemoglobinemia)
2) plants concentrate nitrates during drought conditions
3) also contain glycosides that can cause late-term abortions or prolonged gestation in mares

149
Q

What toxic plant causes pulmonary edema?

A

Perilla frutescen-common name is either beefsteak

plant or wild mint.

150
Q

Silo filler’s disease caused by

A

Nitrogen oxide inhalation

151
Q

Which greenhouse gas causes most infrared trapping?

A

Water vapor (others = SO2, Cl, methane, NOx, SO2)

Facts based on ISU course (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions