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Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 military significant vector diseases

A 
Malaria 
Leishmaniasis 
Yellow fever 
Lymes disease 
Plague
Dengue Fever
Epidemic typhus 
Relapsing fever
Tryapanosomiasis 
Encephalitis 
Murine typhus 
Scrub typhus 
Zika virus
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2
Q

Describe mechanical transmission of an arthropod borne disease.

A

Insect carries pathogen on outside of its body, it then deposits it on surfaces or food it is then ingested by humans.

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3
Q

Name two types of localised freezing injury.

A

Frost nip

Frost bite

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4
Q

3 Categories or Cold Injuries

A

Generalised
Local
Non-Freezing

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5
Q

State 5 individual risk factors that increase chance of heat illness.

A 
Overweight
Smoking
Alcohol 
Previous heat illness
Medication
Dehydration
Poor nutrition
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6
Q

How long does it take to acclimatise to a hot environment following JSP 539

A

8-15 days

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7
Q

Prior to any activity which may involve a risk of heat related illness what risk factors should a commander consider when trying to help prevent heat illness?

A 
Environmental
Clothing
Acclimatisation 
Sun cream 
Work rate
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8
Q

What piece of equipment could you use to give a commander advice regarding the risk from environmental/ thermal conditions?

A

WBGT

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9
Q

What impact would be experience by the military personnel if commanders fail to effectively manage climatic injuries?

A

Waste of limited resources
Discharge
Loss of manpower

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10
Q

What environmental factors can affect risk of heat illness?

A

Radiant heat
Wind speed
Ambient air temperature
Relative humidity

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11
Q

State ways in which the target can be protected against vector borne diseases.

A

Avoidance
Protective clothing
Reppelents

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12
Q

List measures that can be implemented to control a vector borne disease.

A

Bed nets
Don’t expose skin
Unit dry day
Remove vector

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13
Q

Two pieces of equipment to spread insecticides.

A

Swing fog- knockdown

Compression sprayer- residual

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14
Q

List 3 main categories of control measures at the route of the sterile disease.

A

Chemical
Biological
Physical

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15
Q

What is the ROUTE for leishmaniasis?

A

Ingestion sand fly/arthropod

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16
Q

Malaria and leishmaniasis are caused by which type of microorganism?

A

Protozoa

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17
Q

Which arthropod disease is endemic in the UK and which arthropod spreads it?

A

Lymes disease

Tick

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18
Q

You have seen a patient who you suspect has contracted leishmaniasis. You refer him to the Medical Officer, but who would you send an FMED 85 to?

A

SO2 Health Protection

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19
Q

State 5 reasons why you would investigate a disease outbreak.

A 
Find source
Prevent spread
Eliminate risk 
Confirm 
Assess the scale 
Investigate origin 
Fulfil statutory requirement
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20
Q

You are deploying to an area at high risk of schistosomiasis. One of the commanders has asked what the signs and symptoms are.

A

D+V
Abdominal pain
Spleen enlargement
Itchy skin

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21
Q

List 4 types of camps and their durations.

A

Short halt 24hrs
Temporary 24hrs-7 days
Semi permanent 7days - 6 months
Permanent 6 months+

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22
Q

State 4 advantages of good waste management.

A

Discourage pests and vectors
Maintain camp moral
Minimise risk of disease
Prevent food or water contamination

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23
Q

State 3 advantages of incinerating waste.

A

Low waste management
Cheap and easy to do
Less attractive to pests
Heat can be used for energy

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24
Q

List four types of waste generated in the field.

A

Urine
Soil
Sullage
Refuse

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25
Name two methods of clinical waste disposal.
Sharps box | Baggage
26
What are the main types of PPE you would wear when handling clinical waste?
Gloves Apron Mask Eye wear
27
What is the name of the chemicals used for disinfection and de-tasting principles of water purification?
Calcium Hydrochloride | Sodium Thiosulfate
28
List 2 occasions where contact period for water disinfection will be increased from 15 mins to 30 mins?
Temperature below 5^ | No lovibond check kit available
29
When carrying out a recce on a water source, how far and what direction?
2km upstream
30
Describe EpiNato and where it is used.
Health surveillance tool utilised on exercise
31
Six principles of water purification. | Check
``` Select source- quantity quality Clarification -filtration sedimentation Disinfect - physical chemical Contact period - 15mins or 30 mins when Shistomiassis, water is cold, lovibond check it not present Test - lovibond check kit De-taste - Sodium thiosulfate ```
32
How often should water sampling be carried out and what should be tested for?
Daily- Chlorine Monthly- Bacterial Quarterly- Chemicals
33
What is the purpose of purifying water?
To eliminate microorganisms in the water.
34
List 3 considerations when selecting a location to establish a military camp.
Location Terrain Access
35
What JSP provides details of the disease control policy?
JSP 950
36
2 methods to disinfect water.
Chemical- Calcium Hydrochloride in the water. | Physical- boiling water
37
Diseases associated with contaminated water.
Cholera Shisstomiasis Worms
38
2 methods to clarifying water.
Filtration and sedimentation
39
``` Semi Permanent Camp U S S R ```
7 days - 6 months U Funnel urinal soakage pit 1 per 25 men max 4 funnels per pit 6 months usage Trough urinal and soakage pit 1 trough per 100 men 6 month usage Female urinal and soakage pit 1 per 25 females 6 months emptied daily incinerated ``` S Receptacle Latrines Re grease trap Oil drum incinerator Inclined plane incinerator Semi enclosed incinerator Deep trench latrine 5 seats for 1st 100 personnel 3 seats for additional 100 more than 6 months usage ```
40
Benefits of CHD trained personnel
``` Self sustained Proactive pest control Improve sanitation Water safety Lower DNBI Maintained Op effectiveness Intelligent tasking of EH team ```
41
What does DMHS defence mental health provide?
Effective care Education Research Act in command liaison role
42
What is the 1st line of EH support?
Unit medical staff CHA CHD Personnel
43
Role of CHD?
Apply and maintain appropriate op sanitation Identify and control disease vectors and pests Maintain unit water supplies
44
3rd line EH support?
Army regional command EH teams RAF station environmental techs RN EH practitioner are employed within med services branch of the RN
45
Occupational Health Vaccines
Hep B Rubella Varicella
46
4th line support
Commander field army RAF centre officials aviation medicine Institute of naval medicine DMS W
47
2nd line of EH support
UK med group EH team
48
Population at risk on ops
Friendly forces Locally employed civilians Local civi population POW and detained personnel
49
Different types of audit and surveillance
``` Lab reports Fmed 85 Specific monitoring Local med intelligence EHT audits ```
50
Constraints of CHD
Lack of space in FOB usually enclosed Proximity to sleeping and eating areas Logistics low priority for resupply of sanitation material High tempo of activities fatigue lowers hygiene standard
51
CHA roles
Identify hazards in the AOR Undertaking threat assessments and hazard recognition Implementing force health protection measures Advice for CoC on the measures
52
External DNBI threats
Climate Disease Flora and fauna Environmental and industrial hazards
53
Internal DNBI threats
``` Disease Food and water Waste Premises Processed ```
54
Types of waste
Domestic Clinical Non clinical dangerous waste
55
Role of CMT in providing EH advice
Policy and procedures Advice and Training Monitoring and Investigation
56
Impacts of communicable disease
Manpower wastage Unit mission failure Waste limited unit resources
57
What is a DNBI
A person who is not a battle casualty but is lost by result of disease or injuring
58
Ingestion borne diseases
``` Worms Infective hepatitis Leptospirosis Dysentery Cholera Amoebic dysentery Typhoid Schistomiassis Gastroenteritis Polio ```
59
Examples of auditing
``` Fmed 85 Lab reports Specific monitoring Local medical intelligence EHT audits ```
60
Sources for communicable disease
``` Case Carrier Convalescent Contact Corps ```
61
What is an outbreak
2 or more cases of communicable disease
62
Fomite
An inanimate object with the possibility to spread disease
63
Temporary Camp sanitation methods
Shallow trench latrine Shallow trench urinal Improvised grease trap and soakage pit Refuse burns pit
64
Semi permanent sanitation methods
``` Funnel urinal and soakage pit Trough urinal and soakage pit Female urinal and soakage pit Deep trench latrine Receptacle Latrine Sullage water grease trap Improvised grease trap Incineration ```
65
Refuse disposal incinerators
Oil drum Inclined plane Semi enclosed
66
Basic principles camp siting
Front of camp facing prevailing wind Accommodation at front Sanitation facilities down wind of accommodations Late ones away from kitchen or water sources
67
Types of contamination and examples
Suspended ``` Sediment Sand Sewage Grit Disease organisms Leaves ``` Dissolved ``` War agents Heavy metal Chemical biological Salts Detergent Pesticides ```
68
Consideration for water source
``` Volume Fast flowing Upstream from human habitation And industrial pollution 2km recce upstream Min vegetation in water Cam and concealment ```
69
Water clarification and types
Filteration | Sedimentation
70
Water disinfection
Chemical Calcium hydrochloride Puritabs Physical Boiling
71
How much chlorine should be present? And test
5mg /l Add 1/2 original does of calcium hydrochloride Allow further contact period Retest Max 2 times
72
Water detaste
Sodium thiosulfate | Immidiayely before consumption
73
Water sampling routines
Weekly chlorine testing Monthly bacteriological testing Quarterly chemical testing
74
Role of CMT for EH
Advice and training Investigate Policy and procedure Implement control measures
75
State 3 roles of CHA
Carry out threat assessment Advise chain of command Look after chd
76
What are the 5 steps involved in the health risk management process
``` Hazard identification Population at risk Risk assessment Risk management Monitoring activities ```
77
Examples of direct contact diseases
STD Scabies Rabies Q fever
78
4 examples of indirect contact diseases
``` Fungal skin infections Impetigo Gingivitis Verucas Warts ```
79
Control measures to stop impetigo from spreading
Don’t touch blisters Wash hand regularly Don’t share bedding towels clothes of infected people Avoid close contact with infected people
80
Ways direct contact diseases can be controlled at Route
``` Abstinence Avoid prostitution Use condoms Monogamy Avoid infected animals Don’t touch dead animals Health education ```
81
How does HIV affect the body
Virus that damages cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday infections and disease
82
How to reduce spread of MRSA and PVL SA
``` Cover cuts with waterproof dressing Maintain best practices hand hygiene Maintain cleanliness of environment Use disposable PPE Dispose waste safely ```
83
Control at source of airborne diseases
Isolation Treatment of cases Dispose of corpses correctly Contact tracing
84
Control at route airborne
``` Dusting Communal hygiene Disinfect areas Barriers masks Social distancing Bed spacing Adequate ventilation ```
85
Control measures of airborne at target
Health education Vaccines Good personal hygiene
86
Airborne diseases examples
``` Meningitis Influenza Common cold Legionella TB Smallpox Chicken pox MMR scarlet fever Diphtheria Pertussis Anthrax Q fever ```
87
What environmental factors affect risk of heat illness?
Ambient air temp Radiant heat Relative humidity Wind speed
88
Hazards in water
Suspended impurity’s Sediment disease grit sand sewage Dissolved impurities Heavy metals chemical toxic waste agents salts and detergents

CMT 1 Revision (11 decks)

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