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CMT 1 Revision > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 military significant vector diseases

A 
Malaria 
Leishmaniasis 
Yellow fever 
Lymes disease 
Plague
Dengue Fever
Epidemic typhus 
Relapsing fever
Tryapanosomiasis 
Encephalitis 
Murine typhus 
Scrub typhus 
Zika virus
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2
Q

Describe mechanical transmission of an arthropod borne disease.

A

Insect carries pathogen on outside of its body, it then deposits it on surfaces or food it is then ingested by humans.

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3
Q

Name two types of localised freezing injury.

A

Frost nip

Frost bite

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4
Q

3 Categories or Cold Injuries

A

Generalised
Local
Non-Freezing

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5
Q

State 5 individual risk factors that increase chance of heat illness.

A 
Overweight
Smoking
Alcohol 
Previous heat illness
Medication
Dehydration
Poor nutrition
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6
Q

How long does it take to acclimatise to a hot environment following JSP 539

A

8-15 days

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7
Q

Prior to any activity which may involve a risk of heat related illness what risk factors should a commander consider when trying to help prevent heat illness?

A 
Environmental
Clothing
Acclimatisation 
Sun cream 
Work rate
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8
Q

What piece of equipment could you use to give a commander advice regarding the risk from environmental/ thermal conditions?

A

WBGT

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9
Q

What impact would be experience by the military personnel if commanders fail to effectively manage climatic injuries?

A

Waste of limited resources
Discharge
Loss of manpower

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10
Q

What environmental factors can affect risk of heat illness?

A

Radiant heat
Wind speed
Ambient air temperature
Relative humidity

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11
Q

State ways in which the target can be protected against vector borne diseases.

A

Avoidance
Protective clothing
Reppelents

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12
Q

List measures that can be implemented to control a vector borne disease.

A

Bed nets
Don’t expose skin
Unit dry day
Remove vector

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13
Q

Two pieces of equipment to spread insecticides.

A

Swing fog- knockdown

Compression sprayer- residual

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14
Q

List 3 main categories of control measures at the route of the sterile disease.

A

Chemical
Biological
Physical

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15
Q

What is the ROUTE for leishmaniasis?

A

Ingestion sand fly/arthropod

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16
Q

Malaria and leishmaniasis are caused by which type of microorganism?

A

Protozoa

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17
Q

Which arthropod disease is endemic in the UK and which arthropod spreads it?

A

Lymes disease

Tick

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18
Q

You have seen a patient who you suspect has contracted leishmaniasis. You refer him to the Medical Officer, but who would you send an FMED 85 to?

A

SO2 Health Protection

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19
Q

State 5 reasons why you would investigate a disease outbreak.

A 
Find source
Prevent spread
Eliminate risk 
Confirm 
Assess the scale 
Investigate origin 
Fulfil statutory requirement
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20
Q

You are deploying to an area at high risk of schistosomiasis. One of the commanders has asked what the signs and symptoms are.

A

D+V
Abdominal pain
Spleen enlargement
Itchy skin

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21
Q

List 4 types of camps and their durations.

A

Short halt 24hrs
Temporary 24hrs-7 days
Semi permanent 7days - 6 months
Permanent 6 months+

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22
Q

State 4 advantages of good waste management.

A

Discourage pests and vectors
Maintain camp moral
Minimise risk of disease
Prevent food or water contamination

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23
Q

State 3 advantages of incinerating waste.

A

Low waste management
Cheap and easy to do
Less attractive to pests
Heat can be used for energy

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24
Q

List four types of waste generated in the field.

A

Urine
Soil
Sullage
Refuse

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25
Q

Name two methods of clinical waste disposal.

A

Sharps box

Baggage

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26
Q

What are the main types of PPE you would wear when handling clinical waste?

A

Gloves
Apron
Mask
Eye wear

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27
Q

What is the name of the chemicals used for disinfection and de-tasting principles of water purification?

A

Calcium Hydrochloride

Sodium Thiosulfate

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28
Q

List 2 occasions where contact period for water disinfection will be increased from 15 mins to 30 mins?

A

Temperature below 5^

No lovibond check kit available

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29
Q

When carrying out a recce on a water source, how far and what direction?

A

2km upstream

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30
Q

Describe EpiNato and where it is used.

A

Health surveillance tool utilised on exercise

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31
Q

Six principles of water purification.

Check

A 
Select source- quantity quality
Clarification -filtration sedimentation 
Disinfect - physical chemical 
Contact period - 15mins or 30 mins when 
Shistomiassis, water is cold, lovibond check it not present
Test - lovibond check kit 
De-taste - Sodium thiosulfate
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32
Q

How often should water sampling be carried out and what should be tested for?

A

Daily- Chlorine
Monthly- Bacterial
Quarterly- Chemicals

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33
Q

What is the purpose of purifying water?

A

To eliminate microorganisms in the water.

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34
Q

List 3 considerations when selecting a location to establish a military camp.

A

Location
Terrain
Access

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35
Q

What JSP provides details of the disease control policy?

A

JSP 950

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36
Q

2 methods to disinfect water.

A

Chemical- Calcium Hydrochloride in the water.

Physical- boiling water

37
Q

Diseases associated with contaminated water.

A

Cholera
Shisstomiasis
Worms

38
Q

2 methods to clarifying water.

A

Filtration and sedimentation

39
Q 
Semi Permanent Camp 
U
S
S
R
A

7 days - 6 months
U
Funnel urinal soakage pit
1 per 25 men max 4 funnels per pit 6 months usage

Trough urinal and soakage pit
1 trough per 100 men 6 month usage

Female urinal and soakage pit
1 per 25 females 6 months emptied daily incinerated

 S
Receptacle Latrines 
Re grease trap 
Oil drum incinerator 
Inclined plane incinerator 
Semi enclosed incinerator 
Deep trench latrine 
5 seats for 1st 100 personnel 3 seats for additional 100 more than 6 months usage
40
Q

Benefits of CHD trained personnel

A 
Self sustained 
Proactive pest control 
Improve sanitation 
Water safety 
Lower DNBI 
Maintained Op effectiveness 
Intelligent tasking of EH team
41
Q

What does DMHS defence mental health provide?

A

Effective care
Education
Research
Act in command liaison role

42
Q

What is the 1st line of EH support?

A

Unit medical staff
CHA
CHD Personnel

43
Q

Role of CHD?

A

Apply and maintain appropriate op sanitation
Identify and control disease vectors and pests
Maintain unit water supplies

44
Q

3rd line EH support?

A

Army regional command EH teams

RAF station environmental techs

RN EH practitioner are employed within med services branch of the RN

45
Q

Occupational Health Vaccines

A

Hep B
Rubella
Varicella

46
Q

4th line support

A

Commander field army
RAF centre officials aviation medicine
Institute of naval medicine
DMS W

47
Q

2nd line of EH support

A

UK med group EH team

48
Q

Population at risk on ops

A

Friendly forces
Locally employed civilians
Local civi population
POW and detained personnel

49
Q

Different types of audit and surveillance

A 
Lab reports
Fmed 85
Specific monitoring 
Local med intelligence
EHT audits
50
Q

Constraints of CHD

A

Lack of space in FOB usually enclosed
Proximity to sleeping and eating areas
Logistics low priority for resupply of sanitation material
High tempo of activities fatigue lowers hygiene standard

51
Q

CHA roles

A

Identify hazards in the AOR
Undertaking threat assessments and hazard recognition
Implementing force health protection measures
Advice for CoC on the measures

52
Q

External DNBI threats

A

Climate
Disease
Flora and fauna
Environmental and industrial hazards

53
Q

Internal DNBI threats

A 
Disease
Food and water 
Waste
Premises
Processed
54
Q

Types of waste

A

Domestic
Clinical
Non clinical dangerous waste

55
Q

Role of CMT in providing EH advice

A

Policy and procedures
Advice and Training
Monitoring and Investigation

56
Q

Impacts of communicable disease

A

Manpower wastage
Unit mission failure
Waste limited unit resources

57
Q

What is a DNBI

A

A person who is not a battle casualty but is lost by result of disease or injuring

58
Q

Ingestion borne diseases

A 
Worms
Infective hepatitis
Leptospirosis 
Dysentery
Cholera
Amoebic dysentery
Typhoid 
Schistomiassis 
Gastroenteritis
Polio
59
Q

Examples of auditing

A 
Fmed 85
Lab reports
Specific monitoring 
Local medical intelligence 
EHT audits
60
Q

Sources for communicable disease

A 
Case
Carrier
Convalescent 
Contact
Corps
61
Q

What is an outbreak

A

2 or more cases of communicable disease

62
Q

Fomite

A

An inanimate object with the possibility to spread disease

63
Q

Temporary Camp sanitation methods

A

Shallow trench latrine
Shallow trench urinal
Improvised grease trap and soakage pit
Refuse burns pit

64
Q

Semi permanent sanitation methods

A 
Funnel urinal and soakage pit
Trough urinal and soakage pit 
Female urinal and soakage pit 
Deep trench latrine 
Receptacle Latrine
Sullage water grease trap 
Improvised grease trap 
Incineration
65
Q

Refuse disposal incinerators

A

Oil drum
Inclined plane
Semi enclosed

66
Q

Basic principles camp siting

A

Front of camp facing prevailing wind
Accommodation at front
Sanitation facilities down wind of accommodations
Late ones away from kitchen or water sources

67
Q

Types of contamination and examples

A

Suspended

Sediment
Sand
Sewage
Grit
Disease organisms 
Leaves

Dissolved

War agents
Heavy metal
Chemical biological 
Salts
Detergent 
Pesticides
68
Q

Consideration for water source

A 
Volume 
Fast flowing 
Upstream from human habitation
And industrial pollution 
2km recce upstream 
Min vegetation in water 
Cam and concealment
69
Q

Water clarification and types

A

Filteration

Sedimentation

70
Q

Water disinfection

A

Chemical

Calcium hydrochloride
Puritabs

Physical

Boiling

71
Q

How much chlorine should be present? And test

A

5mg /l

Add 1/2 original does of calcium hydrochloride

Allow further contact period
Retest
Max 2 times

72
Q

Water detaste

A

Sodium thiosulfate

Immidiayely before consumption

73
Q

Water sampling routines

A

Weekly chlorine testing
Monthly bacteriological testing
Quarterly chemical testing

74
Q

Role of CMT for EH

A

Advice and training
Investigate
Policy and procedure
Implement control measures

75
Q

State 3 roles of CHA

A

Carry out threat assessment
Advise chain of command
Look after chd

76
Q

What are the 5 steps involved in the health risk management process

A 
Hazard identification 
Population at risk 
Risk assessment 
Risk management 
Monitoring activities
77
Q

Examples of direct contact diseases

A

STD
Scabies
Rabies
Q fever

78
Q

4 examples of indirect contact diseases

A 
Fungal skin infections
Impetigo 
Gingivitis 
Verucas
Warts
79
Q

Control measures to stop impetigo from spreading

A

Don’t touch blisters
Wash hand regularly
Don’t share bedding towels clothes of infected people
Avoid close contact with infected people

80
Q

Ways direct contact diseases can be controlled at Route

A 
Abstinence
Avoid prostitution 
Use condoms
Monogamy
Avoid infected animals 
Don’t touch dead animals 
Health education
81
Q

How does HIV affect the body

A

Virus that damages cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday infections and disease

82
Q

How to reduce spread of MRSA and PVL SA

A 
Cover cuts with waterproof dressing 
Maintain best practices hand hygiene 
Maintain cleanliness of environment 
Use disposable PPE
Dispose waste safely
83
Q

Control at source of airborne diseases

A

Isolation
Treatment of cases
Dispose of corpses correctly
Contact tracing

84
Q

Control at route airborne

A 
Dusting 
Communal hygiene 
Disinfect areas 
Barriers masks
Social distancing 
Bed spacing 
Adequate ventilation
85
Q

Control measures of airborne at target

A

Health education
Vaccines
Good personal hygiene

86
Q

Airborne diseases examples

A 
Meningitis
Influenza
Common cold
Legionella
TB 
Smallpox 
Chicken pox 
MMR scarlet fever
Diphtheria 
Pertussis 
Anthrax 
Q fever
87
Q

What environmental factors affect risk of heat illness?

A

Ambient air temp
Radiant heat
Relative humidity
Wind speed

88
Q

Hazards in water

A

Suspended impurity’s
Sediment disease grit sand sewage

Dissolved impurities
Heavy metals chemical toxic waste agents salts and detergents

CMT 1 Revision (11 decks)

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