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CPH LEC MIDTERMS > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

The totality of circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms, especially the combination of external physical conditions that affect and influence the growth, development, and
survival of organisms.

A

Environment

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2
Q

Everything that is around us including the living and non-living things

A

Environment

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3
Q

Addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors

A

Environmental Health

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4
Q

Factors of envi health

A

▪ Pollutants in air
▪ Pollutants of water ▪ pollutants in soil
▪ pollutants in food

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5
Q

Environmental Hazards; e.g. viruses, bacteria, other disease-causing organisms

A

Biological

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6
Q

Environmental Hazards: lifestyle

A

social

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7
Q

Environmental Hazards;harmful natural and artificial chemicals

A

Chemical

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8
Q

environmental hazards; natural disasters, UV radiation

A

physical

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9
Q

what are the environmental hazards

A

biological, physical, social, chemical

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10
Q

conditions in the environment where people are born

A

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

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11
Q

affects a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life, outcome and risk in their community

A

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

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12
Q

It is a major determinant of our health and well-being

A

environment

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13
Q

More than __________ around the world would die every year because they
live or work in unhealthy environments

A

12 million people

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13
Q

percent deaths among children under five due to modifiable environmental factors.

A

28% of deaths among children under five

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13
Q

percent of global deaths due to modifiable environmental factors.

A

24% of global deaths

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14
Q

Historically, diseases with the largest absolute burden from environmental exposure included:

A

o Diarrhea
o Lower respiratory infections o Malaria

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15
Q

Burden is now dominated by

A

non- communicable diseases

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16
Q

Gove health effects of asbestos

A

o Breathing difficulties o Lung cancer
o Mesothelioma

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17
Q

Give health effects of lead

A

o Developmental delays and behavioral problems in children
o Increased blood pressure in adults

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18
Q

Exposure Response Paradigm

A

measures the causality

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19
Q

exposure response paradigm

A

hazards, exposure pathway, dose- response, health effects

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20
Q

may be physical, social, chemical, and biological

A

Hazards

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21
Q

may be through ingestion, absorption, skin penetration, and inhalation

A

Exposure Pathway

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22
Q

health problems at different exposure levels
▪ exposure is determined through the duration, frequency, and body size of the individual

A

Dose-Response

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23
Q

combination of hazards, exposure pathway, dose- response

A

health effects

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24
Q

According to WHO, each year _________ air pollution is responsible for nearly _______ deaths around the globe

A

indoor, outdoor, 7 million

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25
Q

any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment

A

Air Pollutant

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25
Q

examples of air pollutant

A

smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles or any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances

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26
Q

Sources of air pollutants

A

natural, anthropogenic, stationary, mobile

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27
Q

pollution caused by the nature such as forest fires, storms, and pollen

A

Natural

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28
Q

from fossil fuels, burning processes, air, sea, and land transport, operational processes, and any industrial activities

A

Anthropogenic

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29
Q

kinds of stationary sources

A

fugitive, point and area sources

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30
Q

emits over 10 tons of any single toxic pollutant, or over 25 tons of any combination of toxic pollutants per year.

A

Point sources

31
Q

Fugitive emission is defined as the unintentional and undesirable emission, leakage or discharge of
gases or vapors from pressure- containing equipment or facilities

A

Fugitive sources

32
Q

is a concentrated number of smaller toxic sources, each emitting less than 10 tons per year of any single toxic and less than 25 tons per year of combined toxics,

A

Area sources

33
Q

comes from automobiles such as cars, airplanes, and ships

A

Mobile

33
Q

Criteria Air Pollutants

A

▪ Ubiquitous – always present in the environment
▪ Omnipresent – widespread in the community
▪ Imposes the greatest health effects to humans
▪ Responsible for most air pollution problems in the community
▪ Emitted directly into the air particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon

34
Q

▪ Sources are limited; industry specific ▪ More toxic and carcinogenic
o 188 chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, cadmium)

A

Hazardous Air Pollutants

35
Q

Major Air Pollutants

A

carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter

36
Q

it can cause Breathing problems, respiratory problems, aggravation existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, alteration in respiratory defenses

A

sulfur dioxide

37
Q

from Burning of fossil fuels, production of
paper, cement and aluminum, and burning of fuel containing sulfur which contributes to global warming

A

sulfur dioxide

38
Q

▪ Colorless gas with sharp odor
▪ Can be converted to fine particulate
sulfate

A

sulfur dioxide

39
Q

▪ Colorless and odorless gas
▪ Contributes to the formation of smog

A

Carbon Monoxide

40
Q

from Volcanoes and forest fires
▪ Binds reversibly to hemoglobin
▪ Results in low birth weight and
increased in fetal deaths and impairs learning ability

A

Carbon Monoxide

41
Q

Irritation of the respiratory airway, eyes,
nose, throat, susceptibility to lung infections, reduced lung efficacy

A

Nitrogen Dioxide

42
Q

▪ Reddish brown gas
▪ Acid rain
▪ Fossil fuel burning, motor vehicle
exhaust, unvented combustion

A

Nitrogen Dioxide

43
Q

largest contributor of
nitrogen emissions

A

Motor transport;

44
Q

▪ Greenhouse gas
▪ Inert at low tempt; destroyed in the
atmosphere by _______

A

Nitrous Oxide; photolysis

45
Q

Mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air

A

Particulate Matter

46
Q

Causes turbidity

A

Particulate Matter

47
Q

inhalable particles, with
diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller

A

PM10

48
Q

fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller.

A

PM2.5

49
Q

furniture and carpets may contain
__________ which is carcinogenic

A

formaldehyde

50
Q

liquid water evaporates into water vapor

A

Evaporation

51
Q

water vapor condenses into clouds

A

Condensation

52
Q

groundwater moves into the plants and evaporates from them into the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

53
Q

solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas

A

Sublimation

54
Q

opposite of sublimation wherein gas turns into snow or ice

A

Deposition

55
Q

sources of water and their meaning

A

SURFACE WATER- Mixture of surface run-off and ground water
o Sources: rivers, lake streams, ponds, and impounding reservoirs Meteoric water

RAIN WATER- Evaporated water that has precipitated in the form of rain

GROUND WATER- Portion of water which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits in aquifers
o Extracted thru wells and streams

56
Q

Caused by ingestion of contaminated water present with chemicals and pathogenic organisms

A

Water-borne

57
Q

Caused by unavailability of water resorting to usage of unsafe sources of
water

A

Water-washed

58
Q

Caused by unhygienic disposal of human waste which can cause the spread of parasites

A

Water-based

59
Q

Sisease caused by a parasite (schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma haemotobium, or schitosoma japonicum)

A

schistosomiasis

60
Q

Water is used by these insects as their breeding grounds

A

Water-insect related

61
Q

Composition: 99.99% liquid, 0.01% solid (solid portion is what makes the water unsuited for domestic use)

A

Waste Water

62
Q

SOURCES OF WASTE WATEAR

A

Domestic, industrial, stormwater, agricultural runoff

63
Q

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above _______ as noise pollution.

A

65 decibels (dB)

64
Q

To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds ________ and is painful above _______

A

75 decibels (dB); 120 dB.

65
Q

considered not only an environmental nuisance but also a threat to public health

A

noise pollution

65
Q

impacts of noise pollution

A

▪ Responsible for the rising incidence of deafness in India (Bhargawa, 2001)
▪ In China, until the 3rd century BC, instead of hanging men for dangerous crimes,
noise was used for their Torturing
▪ In Europe, 16% of the people are exposed to 40 dB or more of traffic noise in their bedrooms at night

66
Q

types of noise

A

steady, non steady, tonal, broadband, impulsive

67
Q

Noise with negligibly small fluctuations of sound pressure level within the period of observation.

A

Steady noise

68
Q

basic measure of the vibrations in the air which make up sound; measured on a logarithmic scale with units in decibels.

A

Sound pressure

69
Q

When sound pressure levels shift significantly during the period of observation;

A

Non-steady noise

70
Q

noise for which the level changes continuously and to a great extent during the period of observation.

A

Fluctuating noise

71
Q

noise for which the level drops to the level of background noise several times during the period of observation.

A

Intermittent noise

72
Q

Consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each of a duration less than about 1 second

A

Impulsive noise

73
Q

characterized by one or two single frequencies

A

Tonal noise

74
Q

characterized by energy at many different frequencies and of the same sound pressure level

A

Broadband noise

75
Q

parameter : Cardiovascular
parameter: Metabolism

A

Alterations in the heart rate
and blood pressure
Increased metabolic rate

76
Q

parameter: respiration
Parameter: pupillary dilation

A

increased metabolic rate
increase in pupillary size at sound level beyond 55 dB

CPH LEC MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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