Environmental Health Flashcards
Branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health
Environmental Health
Addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors
Environmental Health
Assessment and control of environmental factors
Environmental Health
Targeted toward preventing the disease
Environmental Health
Creating health-supportive developments
Environmental Health
Focus on the natural and built environment for the benefit of human health
Environmental Health
primary goal of environmental health
Targeted toward preventing the disease
most common environmental concern
AIR POLLUTION
environmental concern that came from vehicles and large companies
AIR POLLUTION
environmental concern that damage the ozone layer
AIR POLLUTION
environmental concern that can cause allergies, or worse death
AIR POLLUTION
environmental concern that causes harm not only to humans but also animals and agriculture
AIR POLLUTION
major contributor in air pollution
human activity
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on human and the ecosystem
pollutants
Natural origin or man-made
pollutant
examples of pollutants
○ particulate matter
○ ground level ozone
○ carbon monoxide
○ nitrogen dioxide
○ sulfur dioxide
○ volatile organic eruptions
produced from a process
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on human and the ecosystem
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT EXAMPLES
○ volcanic ash
○ carbon monoxide
○ gas from vehicle exhaust
○ sulfur companies
dioxide from
derived from combustion of fuel
Carbon monoxide
from volcanic eruptions which forms secondary pollutants
Nitrogen dioxide
form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact, not emitted directly into air
secondary air pollutant
examples of secondary air pollutant
- Ground level ozone
- Nitrogen dioxide
leading pollutant and worst climate pollution
carbon dioxide
expelled from high temperature combustion and produced during thunderstorms
nitric oxide
when there is binding of carbon monoxide in hemoglobin or the decrease level of oxygen in the tissue
hypoxia
it is odorless and colorless yet toxic, can cause death when present in high concentrations, can bind to hemoglobin causes the delivery of oxygen to the tissues impossible, causes hypoxia
Carbon monoxide
methane or non-methane volatile compounds
volatile organic compounds (VOC)
atmospheric particulates and fine,
tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in gas
particulates
can cause cardiovascular
disease
Persistent free radicals
harmful to ozone layer, gas released by refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosol sprays
Chlorofluorocarbons
emitted from agricultural processes and have a pungent odor
ammonia
from garbage sewage and industrial processes
odor
produced during nuclear explosion and from war explosives
Radioactive pollutants
examples of ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) SOURCES
- Stationary sources
- Mobile sources
- Fumes
- Controlled burn practices
- Military resources
- Fertilized farmland (chemical fertilizer that is a major source of nitrogen oxide)
example of natural sources
● dust
● methane
● radon gas
● smoke and carbon dioxide
● vegetations
● volcanic activity
overall health effects of pollution
- Aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness
- Added stress to heart and lungs
- Damaged cells in the respiratory
- Long term exposure to polluted air can have
permanent health effects
LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO POLLUTED PERMANENT HEALTH EFFECTS
● accelerated aging of the lungs
● loss of lung capacity and
decreased lung function
● development of diseases
● shortened life span
types of people who are high risk against pollution
● individual with heart disease
● individual with lung disease
● pregnant women
● outdoor workers
● older adults and elderly
● children under 14
● athletes who exercise vigorously
outdoors
types of people who are high risk against pollution
● individual with heart disease
● individual with lung disease
● pregnant women
● outdoor workers
● older adults and elderly
● children under 14
● athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors
often caused by the discharge of inadequately treated wastewater into natural bodies of water
water pollution
pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean
MARINE POLLUTION
can poison marine animals
MARINE POLLUTION
focus on soil characteristics and site ecology
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source
Point Sources water pollution
Pollutants are present on the surface of water bodies
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
Pollutants are present on the surface of water bodies
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
Common in large fields and farm
Groundwater Pollution
Refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source
Non-point Sources
Also known as sewage
Municipal wastewater treatment
Typically treated by CENTRALIZED sewage treatment plans
Municipal wastewater treatment
Individual septic tanks
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
Pre-treats the waste water onsite and infiltrates it into the soil
Individual septic tanks
Can lead to groundwater pollution if not properly done
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
Sewage treatment plants
Industrial wastewater treatment
Pre-treatment system to remove the
pollutants
Industrial wastewater treatment
Erosion control
Non-point source controls
ensure that the flow of water will not harm the crop and prevent the diffused kind of soil
Contour plowing
covering the soil where only the crop is seen and create a more favorable environment for plant growth and development
Crop mulching
planting different plants to improve soil health and optimize nutrients in the soil and combat pest
Crop rotation
completes their cycles in more than two planting season, not seasonal
Planting perennial crops
done to avoid damaging of crops and soil during typhoon
Installing riparian buffers
Such as discharges from the treatment of urban wastewater, industry and fish farms are defined as stationary locations or fixed facilities from which pollutants are discharged
Point source wastewater treatment
Also known as waste disposal
waste management
activities and actions that require to manage waste from its inception
to its final disposal
waste management
Commonly known as trash or garbage
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
in the US municipal solid waste is called what
refuse
in Britain municipal solid waste is called what
rubbish
any waste that is capable of undergoing
anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and cardboard
biodegradable waste
material that has been recovered or
diverted from the non- hazardous solid waste stream for purpose of reuse, recycling or reclamation and a substantial portion of which is consistently used in the manufacture of products and otherwise be produced using raw materials
recyclable materials
materials which cannot be degraded in
nature and include a wide range of polymeric wastes such as plastic bottles, bags, ceramics, cans, styrofoam, old machines, and containers
inert waste
electronic products nearing the end of their
useful life
electrical and electronic waste
heterogeneous mix of trash composed of
different types of materials
composite waste
any substance or material that can have
harmful effects on the health of people and
the environment
hazardous waste
chemical waste material capable of causing
death or injury to life. It is poisonous, radioactive, explosive, carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing damage to chromosomes), teratogenic (causing birth defects), or bioaccumulative (that is, increasing in concentration at the higher ends of food chains)
toxic waste
any waste which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or vaccination of human beings or animals or in research or in the use of biological or in health camps
biomedical waste
Aim is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste
WASTE HIERARCHY
Is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of goods
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
Is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact cause to the environment
POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE
throwing garbage in the landfills
landfill
apply high temperature to pathogens; high-
temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a
waste
incineration
apply high temperature to pathogens; high-
temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a
waste
recycling
conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery
energy recovery
heating of an organic material in the
absence of oxygen
pyrolysis
the process of recovering materials or
energy from solid waste for reuse
resource recovery
Is any kind of waste that contains infectious material
medical waste
Refers to all wastes suspected to
contain PATHOGENS or TOXINS in
sufficient concentration that may
cause disease to a SUSCEPTIBLE
infectious Waste
Includes discarded materials or equipment used for diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with infectious disease
infectious Waste
Refers to tissue sections and body
fluids or organs derived from biopsies or surgical procedures sent to the laboratory for examination
Pathological and Anatomical Waste
is a subgroup of pathological waste that refers to recognizable body parts usually from amputation procedure
Anatomical waste
Refers to discarded chemicals (solid,
liquid, or gaseous) generated during DISINFECTION and STERILIZATION procedures
Chemical Waste
Wastes with high content of heavy metals and their derivatives
Chemical Waste
includes the description, instruction of how to use and classification of the chemical
SDS or Safety Data Sheets
Refers to expired, spilt and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, and vaccines including discarded items used in handling pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Waste
Includes antineoplastic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic wastes such as drugs used in oncology or radiotherapy and biological fluids from patients treated with the said drugs
Pharmaceutical Waste
Refers to wastes exposed to radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic materials
Radioactive Waste
Residues from shipment of radioactive materials and unwanted solutions of radionuclides intended for diagnostic or therapeutic
Radioactive Waste
This is highly hazardous form of medical waste
Genotoxic Waste
types of Genotoxic Waste
- Carcinogenic
- Teratogenic
- Mutagenic
It can include cytotoxic drugs intended for use in cancer treatment
Genotoxic Waste
Non-hazardous waste
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
This type doesn’t pose any particular chemical, biological, physical or radioactive danger
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
Waste are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products
Incineration
Most common way back
Incineration
Before 1997 waste are disposed through this
Incineration
Used on pathological waste
Incineration
Use of steam sterilization to render waste
harmless and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process
Autoclave
Steam under pressure
Autoclave
Use biological indicators
Autoclave
Use in sterilizing glasswares and
laboratory apparatus
Autoclave
color-changing tape are used
Autoclave
usual setting in Autoclave
121 degrees Celcius with a pressure of 15 psi
for 15 to 30 minutes
Technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device
Microwave
Waste is exposed to microwaves with high temperature of 100 degrees Celcius for at least 30 minutes
Microwave
Destroys waste by moist heat and denature structural proteins
Microwave
Chemicals like sodium hypochlorite,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and heated alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogens
Chemical Disinfection
May generate chemical waste
Chemical Disinfection
recommended concentration for chemical disinfection
5% sodium hypochlorite
Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate
health care wastes
Biological Process
The resulting by-product is put through an
extruder to remove water for wastewater
disposal
Biological Process
Used for large application
Biological Process
Used for large application
Biological Process
color of lines that form after successful sterilization in using autoclave
black
color of lines that form after successful sterilization in using autoclave
black
chemicals with health and environmental hazards
toxic
chemicals with an acid of pH 12.0
corrosive
chemicals with flash point below 60 degrees Celsius
flammable
chemicals that us explosive in water
reactive
