Environmental Health Flashcards
1
Q
Branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health
A
Environmental Health
2
Q
Addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors
A
Environmental Health
3
Q
Assessment and control of environmental factors
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Environmental Health
4
Q
Targeted toward preventing the disease
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Environmental Health
5
Q
Creating health-supportive developments
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Environmental Health
6
Q
Focus on the natural and built environment for the benefit of human health
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Environmental Health
7
Q
primary goal of environmental health
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Targeted toward preventing the disease
8
Q
most common environmental concern
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AIR POLLUTION
9
Q
environmental concern that came from vehicles and large companies
A
AIR POLLUTION
10
Q
environmental concern that damage the ozone layer
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AIR POLLUTION
11
Q
environmental concern that can cause allergies, or worse death
A
AIR POLLUTION
12
Q
environmental concern that causes harm not only to humans but also animals and agriculture
A
AIR POLLUTION
13
Q
major contributor in air pollution
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human activity
14
Q
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on human and the ecosystem
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pollutants
15
Q
Natural origin or man-made
A
pollutant
16
Q
examples of pollutants
A
○ particulate matter
○ ground level ozone
○ carbon monoxide
○ nitrogen dioxide
○ sulfur dioxide
○ volatile organic eruptions
17
Q
produced from a process
A
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT
18
Q
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on human and the ecosystem
A
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT
19
Q
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT EXAMPLES
A
○ volcanic ash
○ carbon monoxide
○ gas from vehicle exhaust
○ sulfur companies
dioxide from
20
Q
derived from combustion of fuel
A
Carbon monoxide
21
Q
from volcanic eruptions which forms secondary pollutants
A
Nitrogen dioxide
22
Q
form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact, not emitted directly into air
A
secondary air pollutant
23
Q
examples of secondary air pollutant
A
- Ground level ozone
- Nitrogen dioxide
24
Q
leading pollutant and worst climate pollution
A
carbon dioxide
25
expelled from high temperature combustion and produced during thunderstorms
nitric oxide
26
when there is binding of carbon monoxide in hemoglobin or the decrease level of oxygen in the tissue
hypoxia
27
it is odorless and colorless yet toxic, can cause death when present in high concentrations, can bind to hemoglobin causes the delivery of oxygen to the tissues impossible, causes hypoxia
Carbon monoxide
28
methane or non-methane volatile compounds
volatile organic compounds (VOC)
29
atmospheric particulates and fine,
tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in gas
particulates
30
can cause cardiovascular
disease
Persistent free radicals
31
harmful to ozone layer, gas released by refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosol sprays
Chlorofluorocarbons
32
emitted from agricultural processes and have a pungent odor
ammonia
33
from garbage sewage and industrial processes
odor
34
produced during nuclear explosion and from war explosives
Radioactive pollutants
35
examples of ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) SOURCES
- Stationary sources
- Mobile sources
- Fumes
- Controlled burn practices
- Military resources
- Fertilized farmland (chemical fertilizer that is a major source of nitrogen oxide)
36
example of natural sources
● dust
● methane
● radon gas
● smoke and carbon dioxide
● vegetations
● volcanic activity
37
overall health effects of pollution
- Aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness
- Added stress to heart and lungs
- Damaged cells in the respiratory
- Long term exposure to polluted air can have
permanent health effects
38
LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO POLLUTED PERMANENT HEALTH EFFECTS
● accelerated aging of the lungs
● loss of lung capacity and
decreased lung function
● development of diseases
● shortened life span
39
types of people who are high risk against pollution
● individual with heart disease
● individual with lung disease
● pregnant women
● outdoor workers
● older adults and elderly
● children under 14
● athletes who exercise vigorously
outdoors
40
types of people who are high risk against pollution
● individual with heart disease
● individual with lung disease
● pregnant women
● outdoor workers
● older adults and elderly
● children under 14
● athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors
41
often caused by the discharge of inadequately treated wastewater into natural bodies of water
water pollution
42
pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
43
directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean
MARINE POLLUTION
44
can poison marine animals
MARINE POLLUTION
45
focus on soil characteristics and site ecology
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
46
contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source
Point Sources water pollution
47
Pollutants are present on the surface of water bodies
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
48
Pollutants are present on the surface of water bodies
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
49
Common in large fields and farm
Groundwater Pollution
50
Refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source
Non-point Sources
51
Also known as sewage
Municipal wastewater treatment
52
Typically treated by CENTRALIZED sewage treatment plans
Municipal wastewater treatment
53
Individual septic tanks
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
54
Pre-treats the waste water onsite and infiltrates it into the soil
Individual septic tanks
55
Can lead to groundwater pollution if not properly done
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
56
Sewage treatment plants
Industrial wastewater treatment
57
Pre-treatment system to remove the
pollutants
Industrial wastewater treatment
58
Erosion control
Non-point source controls
59
ensure that the flow of water will not harm the crop and prevent the diffused kind of soil
Contour plowing
60
covering the soil where only the crop is seen and create a more favorable environment for plant growth and development
Crop mulching
61
planting different plants to improve soil health and optimize nutrients in the soil and combat pest
Crop rotation
62
completes their cycles in more than two planting season, not seasonal
Planting perennial crops
63
done to avoid damaging of crops and soil during typhoon
Installing riparian buffers
64
Such as discharges from the treatment of urban wastewater, industry and fish farms are defined as stationary locations or fixed facilities from which pollutants are discharged
Point source wastewater treatment
65
Also known as waste disposal
waste management
66
activities and actions that require to manage waste from its inception
to its final disposal
waste management
67
Commonly known as trash or garbage
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
68
in the US municipal solid waste is called what
refuse
69
in Britain municipal solid waste is called what
rubbish
70
any waste that is capable of undergoing
anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper and cardboard
biodegradable waste
71
material that has been recovered or
diverted from the non- hazardous solid waste stream for purpose of reuse, recycling or reclamation and a substantial portion of which is consistently used in the manufacture of products and otherwise be produced using raw materials
recyclable materials
72
materials which cannot be degraded in
nature and include a wide range of polymeric wastes such as plastic bottles, bags, ceramics, cans, styrofoam, old machines, and containers
inert waste
73
electronic products nearing the end of their
useful life
electrical and electronic waste
74
heterogeneous mix of trash composed of
different types of materials
composite waste
75
any substance or material that can have
harmful effects on the health of people and
the environment
hazardous waste
76
chemical waste material capable of causing
death or injury to life. It is poisonous, radioactive, explosive, carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing damage to chromosomes), teratogenic (causing birth defects), or bioaccumulative (that is, increasing in concentration at the higher ends of food chains)
toxic waste
77
any waste which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or vaccination of human beings or animals or in research or in the use of biological or in health camps
biomedical waste
78
Aim is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste
WASTE HIERARCHY
79
Is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of goods
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
80
Is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact cause to the environment
POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE
81
throwing garbage in the landfills
landfill
82
apply high temperature to pathogens; high-
temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a
waste
incineration
83
apply high temperature to pathogens; high-
temperature burning (rapid oxidation) of a
waste
recycling
84
conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolization, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery
energy recovery
85
heating of an organic material in the
absence of oxygen
pyrolysis
86
the process of recovering materials or
energy from solid waste for reuse
resource recovery
87
Is any kind of waste that contains infectious material
medical waste
88
Refers to all wastes suspected to
contain PATHOGENS or TOXINS in
sufficient concentration that may
cause disease to a SUSCEPTIBLE
infectious Waste
89
Includes discarded materials or equipment used for diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with infectious disease
infectious Waste
90
Refers to tissue sections and body
fluids or organs derived from biopsies or surgical procedures sent to the laboratory for examination
Pathological and Anatomical Waste
91
is a subgroup of pathological waste that refers to recognizable body parts usually from amputation procedure
Anatomical waste
92
Refers to discarded chemicals (solid,
liquid, or gaseous) generated during DISINFECTION and STERILIZATION procedures
Chemical Waste
93
Wastes with high content of heavy metals and their derivatives
Chemical Waste
94
includes the description, instruction of how to use and classification of the chemical
SDS or Safety Data Sheets
95
Refers to expired, spilt and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, and vaccines including discarded items used in handling pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Waste
96
Includes antineoplastic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic wastes such as drugs used in oncology or radiotherapy and biological fluids from patients treated with the said drugs
Pharmaceutical Waste
97
Refers to wastes exposed to radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic materials
Radioactive Waste
98
Residues from shipment of radioactive materials and unwanted solutions of radionuclides intended for diagnostic or therapeutic
Radioactive Waste
99
This is highly hazardous form of medical waste
Genotoxic Waste
100
types of Genotoxic Waste
- Carcinogenic
- Teratogenic
- Mutagenic
101
It can include cytotoxic drugs intended for use in cancer treatment
Genotoxic Waste
102
Non-hazardous waste
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
103
This type doesn’t pose any particular chemical, biological, physical or radioactive danger
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
104
Waste are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products
Incineration
105
Most common way back
Incineration
106
Before 1997 waste are disposed through this
Incineration
107
Used on pathological waste
Incineration
108
Use of steam sterilization to render waste
harmless and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process
Autoclave
109
Steam under pressure
Autoclave
110
Use biological indicators
Autoclave
111
Use in sterilizing glasswares and
laboratory apparatus
Autoclave
112
color-changing tape are used
Autoclave
113
usual setting in Autoclave
121 degrees Celcius with a pressure of 15 psi
for 15 to 30 minutes
114
Technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device
Microwave
115
Waste is exposed to microwaves with high temperature of 100 degrees Celcius for at least 30 minutes
Microwave
116
Destroys waste by moist heat and denature structural proteins
Microwave
117
Chemicals like sodium hypochlorite,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and heated alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogens
Chemical Disinfection
118
May generate chemical waste
Chemical Disinfection
119
recommended concentration for chemical disinfection
5% sodium hypochlorite
120
Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate
health care wastes
Biological Process
121
The resulting by-product is put through an
extruder to remove water for wastewater
disposal
Biological Process
122
Used for large application
Biological Process
123
Used for large application
Biological Process
124
color of lines that form after successful sterilization in using autoclave
black
125
color of lines that form after successful sterilization in using autoclave
black
126
chemicals with health and environmental hazards
toxic
127
chemicals with an acid of pH 12.0
corrosive
128
chemicals with flash point below 60 degrees Celsius
flammable
129
chemicals that us explosive in water
reactive
