Community Organizing, Health Education & Health Promotion Flashcards
from the word commune (french) and gemeinshaft (german)
community
A social group determined by geographic
boundaries and/or common values and interests
community
Members know and interact with each other
community
Functions within a particular social structure and
exhibits and creates norms, values and social institutions
community
3 categories of community
- geographic communities
- communities of interest
- virtual communities
communities that share physical space
geographic communities
communities where there should be a feeling or sense of “belonging” and hold at least some values and symbols in common.
geographic communities
communities where residents come in
contact with each other through proximity, instead of intent.
geographic communities
Sometimes referred to as “communities within
communities”
communities of interest
community where members choose to associate with each other based on common interests or shared concerns
communities of interest
example of communities of interest
- ethnic groups
- low income groups
Groups of people primarily interacting through
communication media instead of face to face.
virtual communities
are “social aggregations that emerge from the Net when people carry on public discussions, long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships.
online communities/ virtual communities
The process of building power through involving a constituency in identifying problems they share and the solutions to those problems that they desire
community organizing
A process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals
community organizing
Covers a series of activities (at the community level) that is aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups and neighborhoods
community organizing
It is often used interchangeably with community work, community development and community mobilization
community organizing
It is a process by which a community identifies needs and takes action, and in doing so, develops cooperative attitudes and practices.
community organizing
It is a tool for community development
community profiling
a comprehensive description of a population that defines itself, as a community and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself, for the purpose of developing an action or other means of improving the quality of life of the community
community profiling
a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and fullest possible reliance upon the community’s initiative
community development
An organized effort of people to improve the conditions of community life and the capacity of the people for participation, self-direction and integrated efforts in community affairs
community development
community development advocates what principles?
- self-help
- voluntary participation
- cooperation
what are the 7 key areas of community development?
- health and sanitation
- education
- safety preparedness
- environment
- recreational
- entrepreneurship
- morals of citizenry
Means measures necessary for improving and
protecting health and well-being of the people
health and sanitation
any system that promotes proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defecation
sanitation
Enables everyone to acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to achieve their full potential
education
Enables the community to provide safety measures in times of adversity as well as in
their full potential
safety preparedness
Encompasses air, water, land and other elements and substances that affect mental and physical well being of the people living in it
Environment
Activities that promote refreshment of body, mind and spirit
recreational
Is the process of discovering new ways of
combining resources with the intention of
gaining profit
entrepreneurship
Is the underlying belief of what comprises right and wrong in any society
morals of citizenry
how many key area community development?
7
how many steps does community organizing and building have?
10
refer to the person or groups of person who recognized the problem and are actual members of the community
grass-roots
A process that begins with those who are
affected by the problem/concern
grass-roots
when grass-roots plan together to address the problem, it is called?
bottom up approach
Is when individuals from outside the community will initiate community organization
Top-down Organization
can enter the community through a well- respected organization or institution that is already established in the community (church group, successful local group)
organizers
A crucial step in community organizing
GAINING ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY
re termed as such because these individual/s
control both formally and informally the “political climate” of the community
Gatekeepers
may be long time residents of the community who know their community, how it functions, and how to accomplish tasks within
their community
Gatekeepers
must pass through this “gate” to gain
entry in the community and must learn how to play their “ball game” and must be approached at their own terms
organizers
core group of community members who already recognize the problem and is interested in seeing the problem solved
EXECUTIVE PARTICIPANTS
will form the backbone of the workforce and will probably end up doing the majority of the work force
EXECUTIVE PARTICIPANTS
This person should have leadership skills, good knowledge of the concern of the community and is a person that is lives within the community
LEADER/COORDINATOR
their task is to recruit more members through networking process
core group
A temporary group that is brought together for dealing with a specific problem
TASK FORCE
Formal alliance of organizations that
come together to work for a common goal
COALITION GROUP
Process of determining the assets/capacities of the community
ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY
Is a process by which data about the issues of concern are collected and analyzed.
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
2 Reasons to complete a comprehensive assessment
▪ Information is needed to change
▪ Information is needed for empowerment
this is where several problems or issues/concern will be identified by the community members
DETERMINING THE PRIORITIES & SETTING GOALS
It involves identifying and collecting the needed resources for the intervention to be implemented
IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN
can be available within the community (horizontal relationships) or it can be through assistance from other local units outside the community (vertical relationships)
resources
Refers to going back to previous steps
looping back
It is designed to change the structure of services or system of care to improve health promotion services: bike lanes, No Smoking
signs
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE STRATEGIES
Using health risk appraisals, community
screening for health problems and
immunization clinic
HEALTH-RELATED COMMUNITY SERVICES
Modifying behavior to stop smoking, start
exercise, manage stress and regulate diet
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES
Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence-based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain health behaviors
HEALTH EDUCATION
a part of Health Promotion
health education
Its purpose is to provide health information and knowledge to individuals and communities as well as to provide skills to enable them to adopt healthy behaviors voluntarily
health education
It may be in the form of lectures, seminars or courses
health education
it can also be communicated to people through pamphlets and notes
health education
3 Practice Priorities that Promote Health
➢ Disease Prevention
➢ Health Promotion
➢ Social Mobilization
Focus is on the continuity of activities essential for preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health.
prevention
Activities that will prevent a problem or a disease before it occurs
Primary Prevention
example of primary prevention
- vaccination
- supplementation
- health services and hygiene education
Also known as health maintenance
secondary prevention
involves activities aimed at early diagnosis, prompting treatments and disability limitation
secondary prevention
Consist of organized, direct screening efforts or education of the public to promote early case finding of an individual with disease so that prompt intervention can be instituted to halt pathologic processes and limit disability
secondary prevention
Involves population-based screening of the disease before it becomes symptomatic (for early detection)
secondary prevention
can decrease the catastrophic effects that might otherwise result for the individual and family from advanced illness
and its many complications
early diagnosis of a health problem
Primary focus is rehabilitation to assist clients in reaching their maximum potentials (in the presence of their disability)
Tertiary Prevention
Treating and minimizing complications of a disease once it has occurred
Tertiary Prevention
It begins early in the period of recovery to provide appropriate administration of medications to optimize therapeutic effects;
Tertiary Prevention
Goal is to minimize residual disability and helping the client to learn to live productively with limitations
Tertiary Prevention
Activities that will prevent a problem before it
occurs
primary prevention
Activities that will provide early detection and intervention
secondary prevention
Activities that will correct a disease state and
prevent it from further deteriorating
tertiary prevention
The key concept and core strategy in health promotion
social mobilization
The process of convincing a specific group of
people about the necessary action on a specific goal
advocacy
Linking of related institutions and their resources to achieve common objectives
networking
Dissemination of information and correction of misconceptions/false beliefs and promotion of health behaviors and values.
Information, Education and Communication
A continuing process of acquiring knowledge, attitudes and skills to perform the functions they have been assigned to or hired for
Capability Building
The process of determining the effectiveness of the program and efficient implementation in advocacy and mobilization
Monitoring & Evaluation
Any process that enables individuals or communities to increase control over the determinants of their health
health promotIon
Process of empowering people to make healthy lifestyle choices and motivating them to become better self-managers
health promotIon
Is a social and political action enhancing public awareness of health, fostering healthy lifestyle and creating conditions conducive to health
health promotIon
Is a process of enabling people to take action to improve their health” (National Center for Health Promotion
health promotIon
Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
health promotIon
What consists the Health Promotion Planning & Evaluation Cycle?
➢ Problem definition
➢ Solution generalization
➢ Resource mobilization
➢ Implementation
➢ Impact assessment
➢ Immediate outcome assessment
➢ Outcome assessment
is a clear statement of action for health promotion which first came out in 1986 at the first International Conference on Health Promotion.
Ottawa charter
what is the approach of ottawa charter
“Settings-based” approach concept
what is ottawa’s line about their target action?
“Health for All”
what are the 5 STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS
➢ Building healthy public policy
➢ Creating supportive environments
➢ Developing the personal skills of the public and the
practitioners
➢ Reorienting health services
➢ Strengthening community action
means conducting health promotion in schools, workplaces, markets, residential areas to address priority health problems
Settings-based design
what is the target Population for Health Promotion?
➢ Healthy Population
➢ Population with Risk Factors
➢ Population with Symptoms
➢ Population with Disease or Disorder
what is the target Population for Health Promotion?
➢ Healthy Population
➢ Population with Risk Factors
➢ Population with Symptoms
➢ Population with Disease or Disorder
what are the Health Promotion Strategy Framework Priority Areas?
- DIET and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
- VACCINES & IMMUNIZATION
- SUBSTANCE USE
- MENTAL HEALTH
- SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
- VIOLENCE & INJURY PREVENTION
Enabling improved nutrition and increased
physical activity
DIET and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Minimizing environmental and climate impacts on health
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Reducing deaths and disabilities from vaccine-
preventable diseases
VACCINES & IMMUNIZATION
Preventing tobacco, illicit drug use & binge drinking
SUBSTANCE USE
Increasing psychosocial and mental well-being
MENTAL HEALTH
Increasing psychosocial and mental well-being
MENTAL HEALTH
Promoting positive sexual and reproductive
behavior
SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Fostering safe and inclusive communities
VIOLENCE & INJURY PREVENTION
what is the administrative order the DOH released in terms of regulating the TFA content of pre-packaged food?
Administrative Order No. 2021- 0039 “The National Policy Framework in the Elimination of Industrially-Produced Trans-Fatty Acid (TFA) for the Prevention and Control of Non- Communicable Diseases”
one of only two countries recognized by the WHO with best practice on TFA elimination policy
Philippines
a cost-benefit evaluation framework
Precede-proceed model
precede-proceed model was proposed by whom?
Lawrence W. Green
precede-proceed model was proposed on what year?
1974
It can help program planners, policy makers and evaluators to analyze situations when designing health programs
It can help program planners, policy makers and evaluators to analyze situations when designing health programs
Precede-proceed model
Under this model, health is regarded as being influenced by both individual and environmental factors
Precede-proceed model
means “educational diagnosis”
precede or Predisposing- Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
means “ecological diagnosis” or Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development
proceed
social diagnosis is done through?
- community forums
- conducting FGDs
- surveys
- interviews
Refers to the process of determining (and
focusing) health issue/s of the community
epidemiological diagnosis
This may include gathering and making use of either or a combination of primary and secondary data.
epidemiological diagnosis
Analysis of behavioral links to the goals or
problems that were identified
behavioral diagnosis
It is the parallel analysis of social and physical environmental factors other than specific actions that could be linked to behaviors
environmental diagnosis
This phase will focus on administrative and organizational concerns that must be addressed prior to implementation of the program
administrative and poliy diagnosis
includes assessment of resources,
development and budget allocation, looking into organizational barriers, and coordination of the program with other departments, including external organizations and the community.
administrative and poliy diagnosis
Assess policies, resources, circumstances and prevailing organizational situations that could hinder/impede or help in the development
program.
administrative diagnosis
Involves assessing the compatibility of the program goals and objectives with those of the organization and its administration
policy diagnosis
This will evaluate whether program goals will fit into the mission statements, rules and regulations that are needed for the implementation and sustainability of the program.
policy diagnosis
Implementing the planned Intervention
implementation of the program
Used to evaluate the process by which the program is being implemented
process evaluation
It determines whether the program is being implemented according to the protocol
process evaluation
It determines if objectives are being met
process evaluation
Helps identify modifications necessary to improve the program
process evaluation
It determines if objectives are being met
process evaluation
This measures the effectiveness of the program with regards to the intermediate objectives and the changes in the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors
impact evaluation
This phase is often used to evaluate the performance of the educators
impact evaluation
This phase will measure the change in terms of overall objectives and will also measure the changes in health and social benefits or quality of life
outcome evaluation
It also determines the effectiveness of the program in the health and quality of life of the community.
outcome evaluation
It starts with community health needs assessment then selection of objectives to create a healthy community
community health impact model
will then be developed to address different dimensions of environmental and social factors, health promotion and prevention and clinical care
community health initiatives
will be evaluated for its impact on individual and community health
All initiatives
3 approaches to health promotion
➢ Health Belief Model (HBM)
➢ Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
➢ Theory of Planned Behavior
Developed in the 1950s by social scientists at the US Public Health Service
Health Belief Model
Its objectives was to understand the failure of people to adopt disease prevention and/or screening tests for early detection of disease
Health Belief Model
It is a framework to predict whether a person would or would not change an activity or behavior to benefit his/her health
Health Belief Model
Also called the Stages of Change Model
Transtheoretical Model
It identifies stages of change that individuals pass through before actualizing a change
Transtheoretical Model
Patient does not intend to act yet despite
knowing condition
PRE-CONTEMPLATION
The patient is planning to act with intention
CONTEMPLATION
The patient establishes a course of action and sets a timed objective
PREPARATION
The patient takes the courses of action
ACTION
Patient focuses on not relapsing and
maintaining the plan within the daily routines
MAINTENANCE
Patient is actively healthy and no longer interested in returning to old behaviors
TERMINATION
Suggests that behavior is dependent on one’s intention to perform the behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
Intention is determined by an individual’s attitudes
Theory of Planned Behavior
Beliefs about what other people think the
person should do or general social pressure
Subjective Norms
Defined as an individual’s perceptions of their ability or feelings of self-efficacy to perform behavior
Perceived behavioral control
Community characteristics affecting its ability to and spirit identify, mobilize and address problems
COMMUNITY CAPACITY
Social action process to gain mastery over their lives and the lives of their communities
empowerment
Processes and conditions among people and organizations that lead to their accomplishing a goal of mutual social benefit, usually characterized by interrelated constructs of trust, cooperation, civic engagement, and reciprocity, reinforced by networking
social capital
Community organizing starts ‘where people are’ is the underlying belief of what comprises right and wrong in any society and engage community members as equal
PARTICIPATION AND RELEVANCE
what are examples of secondary prevention
- Provision of maternal and child health
- Public education to promote breast self-examination
- Use of home kits for detection of occult blood in stool specimens
- familiarity with the seven cancer danger signals
- Screening programs for hypertension,
diabetes, uterine cancer (pap smear)
what are the examples of tertiary preventions
- Reducing the risk for a future coronary
event by eating fish weekly; increase intake
of antioxidant sources (fruits and
vegetables; antioxidant supplements) - Continuing health supervision during
rehabilitation to restore an individual to an
optimal level of functioning
methods in secondary prevention
visiting doctor for a check-up
methods in tertiary prevention
- Medications
- Chemotherapy
- Surgery
- Dialysis
