Environmental Hazards Flashcards
The _____ is the gold standard for determining health effects of lead.
Blood Lead Level (BLL)
A BLL of _____ is considered a level of concern for public health purposes.
≥ 10 μg/dL
The _____ of young children is the most common pathway by which lead enters the body.
nonnutritive hand-to-mouth activity
Most retained lead accumulates in _____, where it may reside for _____.
bone
years
The _____, present in all cells, has 3 enzymes susceptible to lead inhibitory effects.
Heme Pathway
The accumulation of excess amounts of _____ and other heme precursors is toxic.
Protoporphyrin
A second mechanism of lead toxicity works via its competition with _____.
Calcium
A third mechanism of lead toxicity prevents development of the normal _____ brain structure.
tertiary
Lead Encephalopathy is more likely to be observed in children with BLLs _____.
> 100 μg/dL
Children with BLLs _____ are 2x as likely to have GI complaints.
> 20 μg/dL
CNS symptoms in lead poisoning are related to _____.
cerebral edema
increased ICP
There is no clear cutoff BLL value for the appearance of hyperactivity, but it is more likely to be observed in children who have levels _____.
> 20 μg/dL
_____ is preferred to capillary sampling because chances of false-positive and false-negative results are less.
Venous Sampling
A confirmed venous BLL of _____ requires prompt chelation.
≥ 45 μg/dL
Lead toxicity is treated with chelation therapy using _____.
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
CaNa2EDTA
British Anti-Lewisite (Dimercaprol)
Penicillamine
Parental efforts at reducing the _____ of the affected child are necessary to reduce the risk of lead ingestion.
hand-to-mouth activity
Dog-Bite Injury Categories
- abrasions
- puncture wounds
- lacerations with or without an associated avulsion of tissue
The most common type of injury for cat and rat bites is _____.
puncture wound
Types of Human Bite Injuries
- Occlusion Injury
2. Clenched-Fist Injury
Types of Human Bite Injuries:
upper and lower teeth come together on a body part
Occlusion Injury
Types of Human Bite Injuries
occurs in older children and young adults, the injured fist comes in contact with the tooth of another individual
Clenched-Fist Injury
_____ is the most common complication of bite injuries, regardless of the species of biting animal.
Infection
Unless they are deep and extensive, dog bite wounds that are _____ do not need to be cultured unless there is evidence of contamination or early signs of infection if the patient is immunocompromised.
< 8 hrs
The infection rate in cat bite wounds that receive early medical attention is at least _____, therefore, it is prudent to obtain material for culture.
50%
