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Pathology 3 > Environmental Emergencies > Flashcards

Environmental Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are common risk factors that predispose people to environmental emergencies

A

Young and old people
Diabetes
Cardiac disease
Restrictive lung disease
Thyroid disease
Psychiatric illness
Dehydration
Overall health and fitness

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2
Q

What is a normal CBT (core body temperature

A

Between 36 and 37C

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3
Q

What is thermoregulation ?

A

The process of maintaining core body temperature and homeostasis. Thermoregulation is a fluid system that balances heat production against heat dissipation

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4
Q

What controls thermoregulation?

A

The hypothalamus

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Serves as a communication line between the endocrine system and the nervous system.

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6
Q

What kind of feedback loop controls thermoregulation

A

Negative feedback loop

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7
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The production of heat and energy for the body and is the primary method for heat generation in the body.

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8
Q

What mediates thermogenesis?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

What are methods of thermogenesis?

A

Exercise, shivering, adipose tissue, integumentary system.

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10
Q

What is BMR (basal metabolic rate)

A

The heat produced by the metabolic activity required to sustain life (measured in calories). / the minimum amount of energy required to keep your body functioning.

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11
Q

What is the equation for BMR

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide +Water + Energy (heat &chemical)

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12
Q

What is Thermolysis?

A

The process of releasing or losing heat to the environment.

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13
Q

What controls Thermolysis

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

What are the four Thermolytic processes?

A

-Radiation
-Conduction
-Convection
-Evaporation

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15
Q

What is the gold standard for temperature monitoring?

A

Pulmonary artery catheter (not really used unless pt is in critical condition as this is very invasive)

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16
Q

What are the absolute temperature limits for our body?

A

34.1-40.9

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus do when it senses energy imbalances?

A

Releases TRH (thyrtopin releasing hormone) which triggers TSH (Thryoid stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland just below the hypothalamus which once in contact with receptors on the thyroid.

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18
Q

What are skin receptors

A

-Shivering
-Shutting down thermolysis
-Vasoconstriction

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19
Q

What are deep receptors?

A

-Spine
-Near great vessels
-Abdominal Viscera

20
Q

What is metabolism?

A

An exothermic reaction

21
Q

What happens in times of severe low temperatures

A

The body can shift from energy production to heat production

22
Q

Why are the heart, brain, liver and skeletal muscles the largest heat producers in the body?

A

They are all major sites for metabolism

23
Q

What is white fat?

A

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (main insulator), conducts heat 2/3 slower than other tissue

24
Q

What is brown fat?

A

Sympathetic stimulation by Epi and Norepinephrine increases metabolic rate and stimulates utilization of brown fat.

25
Q

What are two types of friction that produce heat?

A

Muscular activity, friction between layers of blood

26
Q

What role does the skin play in thermogenesis?

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction, blood flow can approach 0 in some areas to preserve core temperature.

27
Q

What are pilomotor muscles

A

Produce goosebumps which decrease the surface area for heat loss as well as raise hair to retain a layer of warm air above the skin

28
Q

How does circulation in the skin play a role?

A

There are A/V shunts near the skin which allow for passage from arteries directly to the veins if they’re open then blood doesn’t get a chance to cool at the skin. If they are closed then blood follows normal circulation and is allowed to cool while bathing in the tissues

29
Q

What happens in thermogenesis (what hormones are involved)

A
  1. Hormones: T3, T4, GH, Testosterone
  2. Catecholamine release
    - Epi and Nor epi release
30
Q

Explain the thermogenesis negative feedback loop

A

The hypothalamus releases TRH to the anterior pituitary which produces TSH for the thyroid gland which increases thyroxine.

31
Q

What causes Thermolysis

A

An increase in CBT

32
Q

What does an increase in CBT cause

A

Vasodilation and sweating

33
Q

What does vasodilation and sweating cause?

A

Increased effective vascular volume
Increased cardiac output
Sweating (1L/Hr)
Elevation in respiratory rate

34
Q

Blood flow to the skin can reach ___L per min

A

8

35
Q

What is Acclimatization?

A

Physiologic adaptations that appear in a normal person as the result of repeat exposure to heat stress.

36
Q

When does Maximum Acclimatization occur?

A

7-14 days
*characterized by earlier onset of sweating (At lower temperature)

37
Q

What is the Physiology of acclimatization

A

-increased plasma volume
-Reduced electrolytes in sweat
-lower heart rate and increased stroke volume
Early release of aldosterone
-minimal loss of sodium
-3-5g/day vs 15-30g/day

38
Q

What is the absorptive state?

A

Occurs after a meal when your body is digesting the food and absorbing the nutrients (anabolism exceeds catabolism)

39
Q

What is the postabsorptive state

A

Occurs after the food has been digested, absorbed and stored. The body most rely on stored glycogen.

40
Q

What happens with starvation

A

The body goes into survival mode no uses ketones to satisfy the needs of the brain and other glucose dependent organs

41
Q

What is conduction?

A

The transfer of heat by two objects that are in direct contact with one another. It occurs when skin comes in contact with a cold or warm object. About 3%of the body’s heat is lost through conduction

42
Q

What is an example of conduction?

A

The heat from your hand melting the ice in a glass of water

43
Q

What is convection?

A

The transfer of heat to the air surrounding the skin. About 15% of heat is lost through convection

44
Q

What is radiation?

A

The transfer of heat via infrared waves. About 60% of the heat lost by the body is through radiation

45
Q

What is evaporation?

A

The transfer of heat by the evaporation of water. 20% of heat is lost through evaporation

Pathology 3 (9 decks)

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