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MOD Midterm > Environmental Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the global disease burden trends between 1990 and 2010

A

Increased mortality due to HIV/aids worldwide
Undernutrition single leading global cause of health loss
Ischemic heart dz and cerebal vascular dz leading cause of death in developed countries (infectious dz in developing)
During the postnatal period 50% of all deaths in kinds <5 y/o are attributed to pneumonia, diarrheal dz and malaria

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2
Q

What is the trend for cardiovascular and circulatory dz?

A

Increasing

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3
Q

What are the trends for cancer?

A

Increasing

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4
Q

Which health conditions are trending down (decreasing)?

A

Neonatal conditions

Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases

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5
Q

What is the trend for HIV/aids and tuberculosis?

A

Increasing

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6
Q

Climate change will have negative impacts on human health by affecting which disease processes?

A

Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory dz (worsened by heat waves and air pollution)
Gastroenteritis, cholera and other food/water borne infectious dz (contamination from floods and disruption of clean water supplies)
Vector borne infectious dz (malaria, dengue fever; increased temps, crop failures and more extreme weather variations)
Malnutrition (disrupted crop production)

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7
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Exogenous chemicals in the environment (air, water, food, soil) that may be absorbed into the body via inhalation, ingesting, skin contact

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8
Q

What is cytochrome P450?

A

An enzyme system located primarily in the ER of the liver and is also present in the skin, lungs, GI mucosa and other organs
Catalyzes reactions that either detoxify xenobiotics or less commonly convert xenobiotics into active compounds that cause cellular injury

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9
Q

Which populations are at risk of health effects due to the ozone as a pollutant?*

A

Healthy adults and children

Athletes, outdoor workers and asthmatics

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10
Q

What are the effects of the ozone on healthy adults and children?*

A

Decreased lung function, increased airway reactivity and lung inflammation

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11
Q

How does the ozone effect athletes, outdoor workers, and asthmatics?*

A

Decreased exercise capacity and increased hospitalizations

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12
Q

Which populations are at risk for health effects due out sulfur dioxide as a pollutant?*

A

Healthy adults, individuals with chronic lung disease, asthmatics

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13
Q

How does sulfur dioxide effect healthy adults?*

A

Increased respiratory sx

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14
Q

How does sulfur dioxide effect individuals with chronic lung disease?*

A

Increased mortality

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15
Q

How does sulfur dioxide effect asthmatics?*

A

Increased hospitalizations and decreased lung function

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16
Q

Describe the ozone

A

Ground level ozone toxicity is largely mediated by free radicals which injure respiratory tract epithelial cells and type I alveolar cells releasing inflammatory mediators —> mild sx (decreased lung function and chest discomfort)
Exposure more dangerous for people with asthma or emphysema

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17
Q

Describe sulfur dioxide

A

Combines with ozone and particulate matter (witches brew)
Produced by power plants burning fossil fuels, copper smelting, and byproduct of paper mills
Sulfuric acid and sulfuric trioxide burning sensation nose and throat, difficulty breathing and asthma attackers in those susceptible

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18
Q

What type of particulate matter is the most harmful?

A

Fine or ultra fine particles less than 10um in diameter are the most harmful
Readily inhaled into the alveoli releasing a number of inflammatory mediators (so small they travel all the way to the alveoli)

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19
Q

What are characteristics of skin appearance after CO poisoning?

A

Generalized cherry red color of the skin and mucous membranes

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20
Q

What is the most common indoor pollutant?

A

Tobacco smoke

21
Q

What carcinogens are in wood smoke?

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons are carcinogens

Predisposes to lung infections

22
Q

What is radon?

A

Radioactive gas derived from uranium

Increase lung cancer risk

23
Q

Lead is readily absorbed that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with Ca metabolism which leads to what?

A

Hematologist, skeletal, neurologic, GI and renal toxicity

24
Q

What are the effects of low levels of Pb?

A

Subtle deficits in intellect, behavioral problems, hyperactivity, poor organizational skills in kids, brain damage
Sensory, motor, intellectual and psychological including decreased IQ, learning disabilities, retarded psychomotor development, blindness
In more severe cases psychoses, seizures and coma
Pb toxicity in mother may impair brain development in prenatal infant

25
Q

What are the CNS disturbances that occur in adults with exposure to Pb?

A

Peripheral neuropathies
Extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers often first (wrist drop) followed by paralysis of the peroneal muscles (foot drop)

26
Q

What are lead lines?

A

Radiodense deposits in the metaphysis (interferes with remodeling of cartilage)
Also lead lines in the gums

27
Q

What are the other effects of Pb?

A

Heme def —> hypochromic microcytic anemia, basophilic stippling, and ring sideroblasts (iron laden mitochondria)

28
Q

What is lead colic?

A

Extremely severe poorly localized abdominal pain

29
Q

What effects does Pb have on the renal system?

A

Proximal tubule damage

chronic damage = interstitial fibrosis and possible renal failure

30
Q

How is microcytic, hypochromic anemia classified?

A

MCV <80fL
MCH <27pg
Can be caused by lead poisoning

31
Q

What are ringed sideroblast?

A

Associated with sideroblastic anemia, due to excess iron in mitochondria (will also see basophilic stippling which is similar)

32
Q

Describe mercury

A

Binds to sulfhydryl groups

Damage CNS and kidney

33
Q

What is Minamata disease?

A

Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero

34
Q

What are the main sources for mercury?

A

Contaminated fish (methyl mercury), mercury vapors from metallic mercury in dental amalgams

35
Q

What does arsenic interfere with?

A

Cellular metabolism —> toxicities most prominent in the GI tract, NS, skin and heart (Borgia and Medici poisonings)

36
Q

What happens when large quantities of arsenic are ingested?

A

GI, CVS and CNS toxicities

37
Q

What occurs 2-8 weeks post exposure?

A

Sensorimotor neuropathy

Paresthesias, numbness and pain

38
Q

What chronic skin changes occur with arsenic exposure?

A

Hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis

39
Q

There is increased risk for which cancers when exposed to arsenic?

A

Lung, bladder and skin (multiple on palms and soles)

40
Q

Describe cadmium

A

Toxic to kidneys and lungs via uncertain mechanisms that may involve increased ROS
Can cause OLD, renal tubular damage, skeletal abnormalities associated with Ca loss

41
Q

What is Itai-Itai (ouch ouch)?

A

Disease in japan
Osteoporosis and osteomalacia with renal dz
Increased risk of lung cancer (living near Zn smelters)

42
Q

Which toxic substances lead to heart disease?

A

CO, lead, solvents, cobalt, cadmium

43
Q

Which toxic substances can result in lung cancer?*

A

Radon, asbestos, silica

Bisether, nickel, arsenic, chromium, mustard gas and uranium

44
Q

Which toxic substances can lead to COPD?

A

Cadmium

45
Q

Which toxic substances can result in fibrosis?*

A

Silica, asbestos and cobalt

46
Q

What can mercury exposure cause in the renal system?

A

Renal toxicity

47
Q

Lead and mercury can also effect what in the reproductive system?

A

Female infertility/still births

48
Q

What does benzene exposure cause?*

A

Leukemia

49
Q

What does exposure to vinyl chloride cause?*

A

Liver angiosarcoma

MOD Midterm (8 decks)

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