Cellular Responses And Adaptations Flashcards
What is a disease?
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, an organ or a system of the body as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs
What is a disorder?
A derangement or abnormality of function
A morbid physical or mental state/condition
What is a neoplasm?
Any new and abnormal growth
Specifically a new growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive
What is a syndrome?
A set of sx that occur together
A sx complex
The sum of signs of any morbid state
Describe apoptosis
Reduced cell size
Fragmentation of the nucleus into nucleosome size fragments
Intact plasma membrane, altered structure especially with orientation of the lipids
Intact cellular contents, may be released in apoptosis bodies
No inflammation
Often physiologic but may be pathologic
Describe necrosis
Enlarged cell (Swelling) Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karylolysis Disrupted plasma membrane Enzymatic digestion of cellular contents; may leak out of cell Inflammation present Usually pathologic
What is the major mechanism of apoptosis?
Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
What is pyroptosis?
Biochemically similar to apoptosis
Programmed cell death accompanied by IL-1 release and fever
What is necroptosis?
A hybrid form of cell death that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis
Resembles necrosis through loss of ATP, swelling of the cell and organelles, generation of ROS, release of lysosomal enzymes and rupture of the PM
Similar to apoptosis bc it is triggered by signal transduction pathways
Caspase independent
What is ferroptosis?
A distinct form of cell death that is triggered when excessive intracellular levels of iron or ROS overwhelm the glutathione deep dent antioxidant defenses to caused unchecked membrane lipid peroxidication
What is hypertrophy?
Increased cell and organ size often in response to increased workload
Occurs in tissues incapable of cell division
The result of increased protein synthesis
What is hyperplasia?
Increased cell numbers in responses to hormones and other growth factors
Occurs in tissue whose cells are able to divide or contain abundant tissue stem cells
What is atrophy?
Decreased cell and organ size as a result of decreased nutrient supply or disuse
Associated with decreased synthesis of cellular building blocks and increased breakdown of cellular organelles
What is metaplasia?
Change in phenotype of differentiated cells often in response to chronic irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
Atrophy results from what?
Decreased protein synthesis (due to reduced metabolic activity) and increased protein degradation in cells (by proteasomes and/or as the result of autophagy))
