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ARE 5.0 - Programming & Analysis > Environmental & Contextual Conditions > Flashcards

Environmental & Contextual Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 city development patterns?

A
  1. expanding grid
  2. star
  3. satellite
  4. field
  5. megalopolis
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2
Q

What is the ‘expanding grid’ development pattern?

A

city begins at the junction of two major roads and is methodically laid out in a grid

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3
Q

What is the ‘star’ development pattern?

A

city grows out of a dense urban core, with development following in radiation spokes of highways and mass transit routes out of city center

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4
Q

What is the ‘satellite’ development pattern?

A

a large, dense urban core is surrounded by other major urban areas (aka satellite areas), which are linked to the central city by major highways. Satellite areas are also connected to each other by a circular road system called a beltway.

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5
Q

What is the ‘field’ development pattern?

A

Amorphous network of highways and natural features that has no central focus or apparent overall organization.

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6
Q

What is the ‘megalopolis’ development pattern?

A

The ultimate form of urban development in which two or more major urban centers near each other grow as space in between is developed.

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7
Q

what does the term ‘imageability’ mean?

A

the quality of the physical environment that evokes a strong images in the mind of a given observer

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8
Q

What are the 5 basic elements of urban design developed by Kevin Lynch?

A
  1. path = a way of circulation along which people move (ie street, walkway, road, etc)
  2. edge = linear elements that breaks continuity or forms a boundary between two districts (ie shoreline, buildings against park, a wall, a highway, etc)
  3. district = a 2d area perceived as having some character that distinguishes it from the surrounding city
  4. node = a focal point or center of interest that people can enter (ie plaza, train station, etc)
  5. landmark = a reference point, similar to a node, but viewed from the exterior and may or may not be entered (ie a tower, monument, natural feature, etc)
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9
Q

What are 3 urban development methods?

A
  1. superblock
  2. planned unit development (PUD)
  3. transit-oriented development
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10
Q

What is the ‘superblock’ development method?

A

an outgrowth of the new town concept that minimizes the impact of the car on housing and allows the development of pedestrian circulation and park space within the block.

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11
Q

What is the ‘PUD’ development method? What standards does it often include? What are 3 advantages?

A

a variation and extension of the superblock idea in which each parcel of land is designed to have a mix of uses – residential, commercial, recreational, and open space – and is designed with a variety of lot sizes and densities.

standards”

  • permitted uses
  • FAR
  • amount of open space required
  • max building heights
  • required setbacks

advantages:
1 - efficient use of land by grouping compatible uses without the setback regulations or zoning ordinances
2 - allows extra land to be allocated for open space or common area uses
3 - provides a variety of housing options (SFR, detached row houses, high-rise apts and condos) to recapture diversity and variety of urban living

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12
Q

What is the ‘transit-oriented’ development method?

A

Construction that takes place in areas surrounding transit stops, typically including high density of living units, commercial development, and other support services
residents ideally do not use automobiles and rely on public transportation

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13
Q

What are 6 effects of development patterns on social behavior?

A
  1. density = # of people per area, a ratio
  2. interaction - encourage social interaction
  3. ownership/territoriality - can be achieved by territorial boundaries (walls, fences, PLs)
  4. personal space
  5. diversity - people need diverse and stimulation environments
  6. defensible space - security, surveillance, real and symbolic barriers
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14
Q

What is the difference between sociepetal and sociofugal?

A

Sociopetal = encourages social interaction

Sociofugal = discourages social interaction

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15
Q

What are 4 basic personal space distances that can be used as a guide for designing environments?

A
  1. intimate distance: ranges from physical contact to a distance of ~6-18”
  2. personal distance: ranges from 1.5’-2.5’ (if given a choice, people will maintain this distance between themselves and others)
  3. social distance: ranges from 4’-12’ (used for business/formal communication, new acquaintances, strangers, etc)
  4. public distance: ranges from 12’+ (used for lectures, ceremonies, theater, highest degree of formality)
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16
Q

What are 4 community influences on design?

A
  1. catchment area
  2. accessibility to transportation
  3. neighborhoods
  4. public facilities
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17
Q

What is a ‘catchment area’?

What are two types of boundaries for it? The boundary is determined by what main factor?

Why is catchment area important for developers and developments?

A

the geographical region the population, on which nearby land developments rely or is affected by, resides within.

Boundaries can be physical (highway or river) or artificial political (city limits). Boundaries are often determined by availability of transportation.

Developers must know whether the catchment area is sufficient to support their intended project before building it.

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18
Q

What are 6 psychological and social influences on design?

A
  1. proxemics
  2. behavior setting
  3. terriroriality
  4. personalization
  5. group interaction
  6. status
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19
Q

What is proxemics?

A

Proxemics deals with issues of space between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people in space, as related to the culture of which they are a part.

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20
Q

What is a behavior setting? What are 2 ways it is helpful to architects?

A

A behavior setting can be thought of as a place with defined boundaries in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time; the place may also contain objects that support that behavior.

  1. provides Architects with a definable unit of design
  2. Useful to studying and understanding the effects of the environment on human activity
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21
Q

What is ‘territoriality’?

A

A fundamental aspect of human behavior that refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and things we own.

  • Related to protection, personal space, identity, and freedom of choice
  • Environments should allow people to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage in
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22
Q

What is personalization? How can design accommodate this?

A

Personalization = people need to arrange the environment to reflect their presence and uniqueness

The most successful design allows this to take place without major adverse effects on other people or on the environment as a whole

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23
Q

What is group interaction? How can architects design a space to be conducive to it?

A

Group Interaction: people are predisposed to act a certain way in behavior settings.

Through seating arrangement! a flexible plan that can accommodate large groups when needed as well as meet needs of small groups is ideal

24
Q

What is status in relation to design?

A

the physical environment can communicate status symbolically (ie corner office, affluent neighborhood, classically designed bank with large lobby, etc)

25
Q

What are 5 transportation and utility influences on design?

A
  1. Roads
  2. Public transit
  3. Services Access
  4. Utilities
  5. Municipal Services
26
Q

What are 4 basic categories of roads?

A
  1. local streets
    - lowest capacity
    - provide direct access to building sites
    - parking is often available
  2. collector streets
    - connect local streets with large arterial streets
    - usually not intended for through traffic
    - Stop signs = controls intersections of collector and local roads
    - Stop lights = control intersections of collector and arterials.
  3. arterial streets
    - Major, continuous circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic on two to three lanes. Usually connect collector streets to expressways.
    - Direct access from arterial streets to building sites should be avoided
    - No parking
  4. expressways
    - major influence on the land due to space required and their noise and visual impact
27
Q

Which utilities are located under the road? Next to the road?

A

under the road:

  • sanitary sewers
  • storm sewers
  • water mains
  • gas lines

next to the road:

  • communication lines
  • electrical lines
  • gas lines
28
Q

When new utility services are installed, which takes precedence and why?

A

Sanitary sewers take precedence since sewers must use flow of gravity and depend on the natural slope of the land

29
Q

What are 4 climatic influences on design?

A
  1. macroclimate
  2. microclimate
  3. wind patterns
  4. solar orientation
30
Q

What is the difference between macroclimate and microclimate?

A

Extents.

  • Macroclimate = overall climate of the region and is reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather Service
  • Microclimate = the site-specific modification of the macroclimate by features such as land slope, trees, vegetation, bodies of water, and buildings
31
Q

What happens to air patterns near large bodies of water?

A

Near large bodies of water, warm air rises off warmer land during the day and causes a breeze near the water.

32
Q

What is inversion?

A

At night, cool air flows down a hill and settles in low-lying regions, causing pockets to remain colder during the early part of the day. Cool air is trapped by warm air above, trapping dust and pollution.

33
Q

What are two ways to modify wind patterns?

A

Buildings/walls and trees

34
Q

In temperate climates, where are the best micro-climates wind-wise?

A

Located in the middle or toward the top of south or southeast facing slopes, rather than at the top (higher wind velocity) or bottom (inversion).

35
Q

What is albedo? What is another name for it?

A

Albedo / Solar Reflectance (SR) = the fraction of radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected.

(radiant energy reflected) / (energy received)

  • ranges from 0 to 1.0
  • 0 = a flat black surface that absorbs all energy striking and reflects none
  • 1.0 = a mirror that reflects all energy striking it and absorbs none
36
Q

What is the albedo of natural grass and vegetation? Snow and pavement?

A

Natural grass and vegetation have low albedos

Snow and pavement have high albedos

37
Q

What is “reflectivity” in LEED?

A

Reflectivity = in LEED, used to measure the solar heat rejection of non-roof materials such as vegetation, shading devices, etc.

  • Value from zero to 1.0
  • closely related to albedo
38
Q

What is the inverse to albedo / SR?

A

emissivity

39
Q

What is emissivity? What is another name for it?

A

The ability of a surface to emit stored energy (aka the ability of a surface to release absorbed heat). Also called thermal emittance.

  • similar measure to radiation
  • the inverse to albedo
  • values range from 0 to 1.0
  • for an opaque surface, emissivity + albedo = 1.0
40
Q

What is solar reflectance index (SRI)?

A

measure of a roof’s ability to reject solar heat

  • values range from 0 to 100+
  • 0 SRI = a black surface (with reflectivity of 0.05 and emittance of 0.90)
  • 100 SRI = a standard white surface (with reflectivity of 0.80 and emittance of 0.90)
  • 122 SRI = a perfectly reflective surface
41
Q

How does the LEED rating system use SRI and SR values?

A

LEED rating system combines the SRI value of the roof and the SR values of non-roof surfaces to set min requirements for achieving points for the heat island credit.

  • Materials with highest SRI and SR values are best for mitigating the heat island effect.
  • Can also plant trees for shade and specifying open-grid paving to reduce heat island effect.
42
Q

What are 4 site-specific influences on design?

A
  1. views
  2. plants
  3. water
  4. shading
43
Q

What is EIS? Who files it? How is it used? Who enforces it?

A

Environmental Impact Statement

  • filed by federal agencies
  • used to analyze and predict how development will affect the environment, including air, water, land, and wildlife
  • Enforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
44
Q

How does the EPA defined a wetland?

A

an area whose soils is inundated or saturated by surface water of groundwater frequently enough that it can support plants that are adapted to living in natural soil.

45
Q

What are 6 sustainability issues/conditions to consider when analyzing a site?

A
  1. portions of a site unsuitable for development
    - wetlands
    - flood plains
    - habitats for endangered species
    - historic sites
    - farmland
  2. historical and cultural qualities of the surrounding area
  3. potential future development of surrounding sites
  4. existing air quality
  5. contamination of soil and groundwater
  6. presence of endangered species (plants, insects, animals)
46
Q

What are 4 sustainable site and building concepts?

A
  1. building location
  2. building size, shape, and design
  3. site disturbance
  4. site development
47
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce heat island effect?

A
  1. garden roofs

2. use high-albedo materials with min. reflectance of 0.3 (like highly reflect roof coverings)

48
Q

What is a way to minimize disruption of undeveloped land AND maximize efficient use of transportation and utility services?

A

developing urban sites or sites with existing infrastructure

49
Q

What are 4 ways to minimize site disturbance?

A
  1. minimize building footprint (use multiple stories)
  2. develop urban sites or sites with existing infrastructure
  3. locate parking under building
  4. consolate pedestrian, automobile, and service paths where possible
50
Q

What is a way to minimize earthwork, excavation, and clearing?

A

Locate buildings on shallow slopes

51
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce stormwater runoff?

A
  1. use open-grid paving or other pervious paving
  2. design pedestrian surfaces using permeable materials (loose aggregate, permeable concrete, wooden decks, paving stones)
52
Q

What are 4 systems to help with stormwater?

A
  1. constructed wetlands
  2. vegetated filter strips
  3. infiltration basin
  4. bioswale
53
Q

what is a bioswale?

A

a shallow grass-lined ditch or channel designed to detain storm runoff and remove sediments and other contaminants while allowing the water to seep into the ground through a process called phytoremediation

54
Q

what is an infiltration basin? how is it different from a catch basin?

A

= closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into the soil

catch basin = area that temporarily contains excessive runoff until it can flow at a controlled rate into the storm sewer system

55
Q

How can you mitigate runoff of water containing pollutants (such as oil)?

A

by designing vegetative buffer areas around parking lots

56
Q

Why should you minimize site lighting?

A

To prevent light from spilling to adjacent sites or contributing to sky pollution

57
Q

What are 4 benefits of using native plants?

A
  1. minimize erosion,
  2. reduce water runoff,
  3. minimize need for irrigation,
  4. provide habitats for animal and insects species

ARE 5.0 - Programming & Analysis (5 decks)

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