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Science 9 > Environmental Chemistry - Section 1 > Flashcards

Environmental Chemistry - Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fertilizer?

A

A substance that enriches the soil so that plants will grow better

Although fertilizers are beneficial for plant growth, too much can be harmful

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2
Q

What are the three basic nutrient elements in fertilizers?

A

Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

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3
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Chemicals used to kill pests. A pest is an organism that harms people, crops, or structures.

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4
Q

What’s a herbicide?

A

They kill or control weeds

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5
Q

What is an insecticide?

A

They kill or control insects

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6
Q

What is a fungicide?

A

They kill fungi

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7
Q

What are some problems with pesticides?

A

Can be harmful to people and other non-pests
Might not be selective (kill non-pest species)
Can stay in the environment for too long

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8
Q

What are sanitary landfills?

A

Are specially built to prevent waste chemicals from moving into surrounding soil

They may use plastic liners and/or compacted clay to prevent harmful solutions of chemicals dissolved in rainwater or groundwater from getting through

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9
Q

What is sewage?

A

Is wastewater containing dissolved and undissolved materials from your kitchen, bathroom and laundry.

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10
Q

When fossil fuels are burned, they release what?

A

They release large amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapour

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11
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Power of Hydrogen (H)

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12
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that dissolved in water to form a solution with a pH less than 7

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13
Q

What is a base or alkaline?

A

Is a compound that dissolved in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7

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14
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

Most solutions have a pH in the range of 0-14 but the scale can be extended

A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic
A solution with a pH of 14 is very basic or alkaline
A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral

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15
Q

What are some examples of acids?

A

Battery acid
Stomach acid
Lemon juice
Vinegar

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16
Q

What are some examples of bases or alkalines?

A 
Baking soda
Toothpaste 
Drain cleaner
Soapy water
Bleach
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17
Q

What are acid-base indicators?

A

Change colour when they are placed in solutions

Blue litmus paper turns red when placed in an acid

Red litmus paper turns blue when placed in a base

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18
Q

How is acid rain formed?

A

Industrial processes and fuel combustion produce large quantities of chemicals such as carbon dioxide

These chemicals dissolve in water droplets and form acid rain

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19
Q

What does acid rain do?

A

Causes lakes and streams to become more acidic which can affect the diversity of aquatic life

Can also increase the rate at which buildings and monuments deteriorate

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20
Q

How do you neutralize an acidic lake?

A

Acidic lakes are sometimes treated with lime (or calcium hydroxide) to neutralize them

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21
Q

When dealing with chemical spills what is it important to know?

A

It is important to know if the substance spilled is an acid or a base, and then use the appropriate opposite material

22
Q

Our bodies need about ____ elements for normal growth

A

25

23
Q

What are the most common elements in living things?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

24
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound whose molecules contain carbon with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates, and cyanides

25
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

Compounds whose molecules do not contain carbon

26
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Elements and compounds that organisms need for living, growing, and reproducing

27
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients that are needed in relatively large amounts

Too little of these elements can have harmful effects

28
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients that are needed in very small (or trace) amounts

Too much of theses elements can be harmful

29
Q

What are the four important types of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

30
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic molecules made up of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

31
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrate molecules?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Glucose

32
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds composed of many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atom joined together in chains

33
Q

What are some examples of lipids?

A

Fats
Oils
Waxes

34
Q

What is protein?

A

An organic molecule made up of amino acids

35
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A simple organic compound containing a carboxyl and an amino

36
Q

What are the three functions of proteins?

A

Used for organisms for growth and repair
A source of energy
Main component of enzymes

37
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Are the largest most complicated molecules found in living things

38
Q

All cells contain what two important nucleic acids that all cells contain?

A

DNA

RNA

39
Q

What is the transport of matter?

A

The act of moving molecules or ions across a cell membrane

40
Q

What does passive transport mean?

A

To move passively means to move without the use of any energy

41
Q

What are two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion

Osmosis

42
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The natural movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The natural movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

It is a specific form of diffusion

44
Q

Osmosis occurs through a ___________ membrane

A

Semi permeable

45
Q

What is active transport?

A

The transport of molecules requiring the addition of energy to help the molecules move

They need help because they are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

46
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The process of taking in food into our bodies

47
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of food by your teeth when chewing

48
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The breakdown of foods into basic nutrients using enzymes, acids, and bases. This occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

49
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The process in which water helps to convert the large organic molecules into simpler substances like sugars

50
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The surface on which an organism moves or lives

Science 9 (21 decks)

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