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PBD II Exam 1 > Environmental and Nutritional Diseases IV > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases IV Flashcards

1
Q

abrasion

A

removal of superficial layer of skin

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2
Q

contusion

A

bruise

-damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissues

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3
Q

laceration

A

blunt force that causes tear of skin

-have intact bridging blood vessels and jagged irregular edges

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4
Q

incised wound

A

one from sharp instrument

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5
Q

puncture wound

A

long, narrow, instrument

penetrating - pierces tissue
perforating - creates exit wound

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6
Q

gunshot wound

A

puncture wounds

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7
Q

most common cause of mechanical injury

A

vehicular accident

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8
Q

thermal injury

A

excessive heat or cold

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9
Q

clinical significance of burns

A

depth
percent of body
internal injuries
promptness of therapy

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10
Q

superficial burns

A

only epidermis

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11
Q

partial thickness burns

A

injury to dermis

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12
Q

full thickness burns

A

to subQ tissue

-may also damage muscle tissue

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13
Q

greatest threats to life in burn patients

A

shock
sepsis
respiratory insufficiency

percent over 20%

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14
Q

burn over 20% of body

A

body fluids to interstitium

-hypovolemic shock

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15
Q

hypermetabolic state

A

excess heat loss
-with burns

with increased need for nutritional support

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16
Q

most common infection in burns

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

also s. aureus
and candida

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17
Q

water soluble gases

A

chlorine, sulfur oxides, ammonia - to upper airways

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18
Q

lipid soluble gases

A

nitrous oxide - to deep airways

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19
Q

hypertrophic scars

A

in burn patients

-due to substance P excess

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20
Q

different morph of burns

A

full thickness - white, charred, dry, anesthetic

partial thickness - pink, mottled, blistered, painful

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21
Q

heat cramps

A

loss of electolytes via sweating

cramping of voluntary muscles with vigorous exercise

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22
Q

heat exhaustion

A

failure of cardiovascular system to compensate to hypovolemia

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23
Q

heat stroke

A

sweathing stops
thermoregulation fails
multi-organ dysfunction
generalized vasodilation

24
Q

nitrosylation of RYR1

A

in heat stroke
-rhabdomyolysis and myocardium necrosis

RYR1 involved in release of calcium from SR

25
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

mutations in RYR1

rise in core temp and muscle contractures in response to common anesthetics

26
Q

body temp below 90

A

loss of consciousness occurs

-bradycardia and atrial fib

27
Q

direct hypothermic injury

A

physical disruptions within cells by high salt concentrations caused by crystallization of intra and extracellular water

28
Q

indirect hypothermic injury

A

result from circulatory changes

  • vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability
  • edema and hypoxia result

ex. trench foot

29
Q

electrical injuries

A

burns

ventricular fib, cardiac failure, and resp center failure

30
Q

alternating current

A

in most homes

  • induces tetanic muscle spasm
  • greater likelihood of burns and chest wall mm spasms
31
Q

radiation

A

energy traveling in forms of waves or particles

32
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

UV, infrared, microwave, sound waves - cannot displace electrons

33
Q

ionizing radiation

A

energy to remove electrons

-X-rays, gamma ray, alpha particles, beta particles, high energy neutrons

34
Q

curie

A

Ci - disintegrations per second of radionuclide

35
Q

gray

A

Gy - unit that expresses energy absorbed by target tissue per unit mass

36
Q

Sievert

A

Sv - unit of equivalent dose

absorbed dose multiplied by relative bio effectiveness of radiation

37
Q

determinants of bio effects of ionizing radiation

A

rate of delivery

field size

cell proliferation - dividing cells more vulnerable

38
Q

vulnerable to radiation

A

gonads, bone marrow, lymph tissue, GI mucosa

39
Q

DNA damage by radiation

A

ROS production from radiolysis of water

40
Q

brain and radiation

A

adult - resistant

child - destruction of neurons and glial cells

41
Q

skin and radiation

A

erythema and edema
dyspigmentation
atrophy/cancer

42
Q

lungs and radiation

A

edema
ARDS
fibrosis

43
Q

problem plaguing pathologist

A

similarity between cancer cells and radiation injured cells

44
Q

total body irradiation

A

large areas exposed to small doses

-may have devastating affects

45
Q

temporary sterility from radiation

A
  1. 15 Sv

- testes

46
Q

depression of hematopoiesis from radiation

A
  1. 5 Sv

- bone marrow

47
Q

reversible skin changes from radiation

A

1-2 Sv

48
Q

permanent sterility from radiation

A

2.5-6 Sv

ovaries

49
Q

hair loss from radiation

A

3-5 Sv

50
Q

permanent sterility from radiation in men

A

3.5 Sv

51
Q

cataracts from radiation

A

5 Sv

52
Q

fibrosis and radiation

A

in the irradiated field

53
Q

most serious DNA damage by radiation

A

double strand breaks

fixed by NHEJ and homologous recombination

54
Q

bystander effects

A

irradiated cells with mutations secrete cytokines that influence cells around them

55
Q

radon

A

decay of uranium
carcinogenic

decay products polonium 214 and 218
-emit alpha particles

PBD II Exam 1 (14 decks)

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