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PBD II Exam 1 > Environmental and Nutritional Diseases I > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases I Flashcards

1
Q

single leading global cause of heath loss

A

undernutrition

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2
Q

leading cause of death in developed countries

A

ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

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3
Q

half leading cause of death in developing countries

A

infectious disease

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4
Q

EIDs

A

emerging infectious diseases

  • Dx caused by newly evolved strains or organisms
  • Dx caused by pathogens endemic in other species that enter human popupalation
  • Dx caused by pathogens present in human populations but show recent increase in incidence
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5
Q

highest mortality of children under 5

A

malnutrition and infections in east, central, western africa

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6
Q

infections leading to childhood deaths

A 
pneumonia
diarrhea
malaria
measles
neonatal
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7
Q

diarrhea

A

leading cause of death in africa
-loss of water

E.coli
campilobacter
rotavirus

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8
Q

greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide
methane
ozone

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9
Q

toxicology

A

science of poisons

-includes radiation and heat

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10
Q

definition of poison

A

quantitative concept dependent on dosage

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11
Q

xenobiotics

A

exogenous chemicals in env in air, water, food, that may be absorbed into body through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact

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12
Q

detoxification

A

metabolized to inactive water-soluble products

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13
Q

phase 1 reactions

A

hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction

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14
Q

phase 2 reactions

A

glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, conjugation with gultathione

form water-soluble compounds that are readily excreted

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15
Q

cytochrome p450

A

CYP
-important catalysis of phase 1 reactions

ER of liver

heme-containing enzyme

either activate or detoxify xenobiotics
-ROS as byproduct

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16
Q

CCl4

A

carbon tetrachloride

-CYP convert to toxic trichloromethyl free radical

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17
Q

benzo-alpha-pyrene

A

carcinogen in cigarette smoke

CYP converts to DNA-binding metabolite

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18
Q

CYP inducers

A 
environmental chemicals
drugs
smoking
alcohol
hormones
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19
Q

activity of CYP inducers

A

binding nuclear receptors that heterodimerize with RXR

-associates with promoter elements in 5’ region of CYP gene

receptors:
aryl hydrocarbon
PPA
CA
PX
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20
Q

CYP activity

A

variation among individuals

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21
Q

outdoor air pollutants

A 
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
sulfur dioxide
acid aerosols
particulates
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22
Q

smog

A

consists of the 6 outdoor air pollutants

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23
Q

ozone

A

high in atmosphere - absorbs dangerous UV

ground level is a pollutant

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24
Q

ground level ozone

A

formed from nitrogen oxides and organic compounds in sunlight

toxicity mediated by free radicals

injure respiratory tract - type I alveolar cells

dangerous for those with asthma and emphysema

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25
Q

source of sulfur dioxide

A

power plants burning coal, oil, copper smelting, paper mills

-converted to sulfuric acid and sulfuric trioxide - burning sensation in nose and throat

26
Q

particulate matter

A

soot
-from oil fired power plants and diesel exhaust

London in 50s

27
Q

size of dangerous particulates

A

less than 10 um in diameter

  • inhaled into alveoli and phagoctosed
  • release of mediators for inflammation
28
Q

carbon monoxide

A

incomplete oxidation of carbonaceous materials

-systemic asphyxiant

200x greater affinity for hemoglobin than O2

29
Q

systemic hypoxia and CO poisoning

A

20-30% Hg saturated

30
Q

unconscious/death and CO poisoning

A

60-70% Hg saturated

31
Q

Dx of CO poisoning

A

measure carboxyHg levels in blood

32
Q

acute CO poisoning

A

generalized cherry-red color of the skin

33
Q

most common indoor air pollutant

A

tobacco smoke

34
Q

wood smoke

A

irritant, predispose to lung infection, may contain carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

35
Q

bioaerosols

A

microbial agents that cause infection
-legionaires, viral pneumonia, common cold

allergens
-dust mite, fungi, molds

36
Q

radon

A

radioactive has from uranium
-in soil and in homes

-lung ca in uranium miners

37
Q

formaldehyde

A

manufacture of building materials

-refugees of environmental disasters

38
Q

low levels of lead

A

in children significant negative effects

39
Q

heavy metals

A

lead
arsenic
mercury
cadmium

40
Q

subclinical lead poisoning

A

less than 10 ug/dL

low intellectual capacity
behavioral problems
hyperactivity
organization skills

41
Q

half life of lead

A

in bone 20-30 years

42
Q

neurotoxicity of lead

A

inhibit neurotransmitters - disrupt Ca homeostasis

43
Q

Pb and decreased Hg synthesis

A

40

44
Q

Pb and death

A

150

45
Q

Pb and encephalopathy, nephropathy, frank anemia

A

around 100

46
Q

Pb and changes in nerve conductdion

A

20

47
Q

Pb inhibits two enzymes

A

delta-aminolevulinic acid and ferrochelatase

48
Q

ferrochelatase

A

incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin

(-) by lead

results in microcytic, hypochromic anemia

49
Q

Hg and Pb

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia

50
Q

diagnosis of lead poisoning

A

blood levels of lead and free red cell protoporphyrin

51
Q

ringed sideroblasts

A

Pb inhibition of ferrochelatse

-results in red cell precursors with iron-laden mitochondria detected with prussian blue stain

52
Q

Pb and brain

A

demyelination
edema
astroctyte proliferation
necrosis of cortical neurons

53
Q

peripheral demyelinating neuropathy

A

from lead poisoning

extensor mm first (wrist drop)
followed by peroneal mm (foot drop)

54
Q

Pb and kidneys

A

chronic interstitial fibrosis

-saturnine gout

55
Q

basophilc stipling

A

often with Pb intoxication

56
Q

forms of mercury

A

metallic (elemental)
inorganic (mercuric chloride)
organic (methyl)

57
Q

main source of mercury exposure

A

contaminated fish
-methyl mercury

and vapors from metallic mercury in dental amalgams

58
Q

skin cancers and hyperpigmentation

A

with arsenic

squamous and basal cell carcinomas

not sun exposed surfaces
-pals of hands and soles of feet

59
Q

cadmium intoxication

A

food exposure

itai-itai (ouch ouch) - in rice in Japan
-osteoporosis and osteomalacia

not directly genotoxic - but produces ROS

60
Q

arsenic

A

royal poison

soil and water, herbicides

61
Q

most toxic arsenic

A

arsenic trioxide

62
Q

arsenic ingestion

A

GI, cardiovascular, CNS problems

-interfers with Ox Phos

PBD II Exam 1 (14 decks)

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