ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY

Question 1

While it explores some ideas that have roots in classical thought, this literature is largely a response to two almost simultaneous events: the end of the ____________, which compelled a rethinking of the concept of security

Answer 1

Cold War (1989–92)

Question 2

mobilized scientific evidence of global environmental change into a global policy agenda widely regarded as urgent and vital.

Answer 2

the 1992 Rio Earth Summit

Question 3

The Peloponnesian War and Plato’s Republic

Answer 3

Thucydides

Question 4

eighteenth century demographer

Answer 4

Thomas Malthus

Question 5

the contemporary formulation of the idea that there is a connection between the health of our natural environment and the security of individual persons, societies and even the biosphere emerges in the context of the environmental movement

Answer 5

1960s and 1970s

Question 6

Rachel Carson’s seminal book

Answer 6

Silent Spring (1962)

Question 7

which problematized the use and abuse of pesticides in the countryside by showing the devastating effects of such products on songbirds.

Answer 7

Rachel Carson’s seminal book, Silent Spring (1962)

Question 8

The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, 1967)

Answer 8

Lynn White Jr.

Question 9

The Tragedy of the Commons, 1968),

Answer 9

Garrett Hardin

Question 10

(The Population Bomb, 1968)

Answer 10

Paul Ehrlich

Question 11

(The Limits to Growth, 1972).

Answer 11

Donella Meadows

Question 12

The end of the Cold War (1989–92) and the almost simultaneous global attention given to the environment at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 provided the platform for a rapid expansion of the field and remarkable deepening of its concepts and key terms.

Answer 12

FIELD MATURITY

Question 13

On the other hand, the idea that environmental stress could be a source of national insecurity, introduced to many practitioners through the__________, ________ began to attract attention.

Answer 13

1987 Brundtland Commission report, Our Common Future,

Question 14

head of Bern-Zurich group

Answer 14

Günther Baechler

Question 15

head of Toronto group

Answer 15

Thomas Homer-Dixon

Question 16

resource scarcity arises in three ways:

Answer 16

-decrease in the supply of a resource

-increase in demand due mainly to population growth

-from structural factors

Question 17

Their focus is not, however, on the scarcity of renewables, but instead they argue that the biggest driver of environmental violence is the local abundance of non-renewable resources such as ________, _______ and _____.

Answer 17

precious metals, diamonds and oil.

Question 18

one of four central themes informing the distinct subdiscipline of political ecology.

Answer 18

Environmental conflict

Question 19

the founding editors of the Journal of Political Ecology

Answer 19

James B. Greenberg and Thomas K. Park

Question 20

two most important theoretical influences

Answer 20

-political economy
-ecological analysis

Question 21

insistence on the need to link the distribution of power with productive activity

Answer 21

political economy

Question 22

its broader vision of bioenvironmental relationships

Answer 22

ecological analysis

Question 23

have criticized “apolitical” environmental conflict theses (both the environmental scarcity and the environmental abundance and conflict theses).

Answer 23

Political ecologists

Question 24

Proponents of a human security approach to environmental security tend to argue that the literature that links the environment to conflict “is theoretically rather than empirically driven, and is both a product and legitimation of the North’s security agenda”.

Answer 24

HUMAN SECURITY

Question 25

WHAT IS UNDP STANDS FOR?

Answer 25

United Nations Development Programme

Question 26

explains four dimensions of human security as fundamental

Answer 26

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Question 27

four dimensions of human security as fundamental:

Answer 27

-it is universal

-its components are interdependent

-it is easier to protect through prevention than intervention

-it is people-centered.

Question 28

Almost all dangers to human existence may be categorized as human security threats. These threats may be further subdivided according to their sources which might be the Physical, living or social sytems.

Answer 28

THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY

Question 29

Physiical System threats include:

Answer 29

Natural disasters such as;
-Earthquakes
-Flood
-Tsunamis

Question 30

Living System threats include:

Answer 30

Diseases
Famine
Ecological disasters.

Question 31

Social System threats include:

Answer 31

Into social
Political
Economic settings

Question 32

_____ is believed to be a delicate balance rendered unstable by human action

Answer 32

Ecological security

Question 33

who established the conceptual basis for U.N. peacebuilding operations, especially post-conflict peacebuilding (UNSG 1992).

Answer 33

U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghal

Question 34

In the year ____report An Agenda for Peace

Answer 34

1992

Question 35

In what year the U.N. General Assembly and the Security Council adopted substantively identical resolutions on peacebuilding

Answer 35

2016

Question 36

_________ is both backward-looking and forward looking: it seeks to understand and address the root causes of a conflict and then to build a sustainable peace in the years following conflict.

Answer 36

Peace building

Question 37

focuses on the period following a peace agreement or military victory.

Answer 37

Post-conflict peace building

Question 38

are perhaps the most widely recognized aspect of the relationship between natural resources and armed conflict.

Answer 38

Conflict resources

Question 39

a nongovernmental organization (NGO) leading efforts to prevent and address the trade in conflict resources, defines them as “natural resources whose systematic exploitation and trade in a context of conflict contribute to, benefit from, or result in the commission of serious violations of human rights, violations of international humanitarian law, or violations amounting to crimes under international law”.

Answer 39

Global Witness

Question 40

Any natural resource that provides a revenue stream is a potential ________.

Answer 40

conflict resource

Question 41

Environmental change is only one of three main sources of scarcity of renewable resources; the others are population growth and unequal social distribution of resources. The concept “environmental scarcity” encompasses all three sources.

Answer 41

ENVIRONMENTAL SCARCITY

Question 42

Resources can be roughly divided into two groups:

Answer 42

-non-renewable - like oil and iron ore.

-renewables - fresh water, forests, fertile soils, and the earth’s ozone layer.