Environment

Question 1

Phototropism

Answer 1

The growth of a plant in response to light

Question 2

Deciduous Plants

Answer 2

Lose their leaves in winter

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 3

All the neurones

Question 4

Somatic

Answer 4

Conscious activities

Question 5

Autonomic

Answer 5

Unconscious activities

Question 6

Sympathetic

Answer 6

Part of the autonomic. ‘Fight-or-flight’ release noradrenaline.

Question 7

Parasympathetic

Answer 7

Part of the autonomic nervous system. ‘Rest-and-digest’. Releases acetylcholine

Question 8

Cerebrum

Answer 8

Largest part of the brain. Divided into two cerebral hemispheres. Thin outer layer called the cerebral cortex, which is highly folded. Involved in vision, hearing, learning and thinking.

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Beneath the middle part of the brain. Maintains body temperature. Also produces hormones that can control the pituitary gland

Question 10

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 10

Base of the brain, top of spinal cord. Controlled breathing and heart rate

Question 11

The cerebellum

Answer 11

Underneath cerebrum, folded cortex. For muscle coordination, posture and coordination of balance

Question 12

Skeletal muscled

Answer 12

Large bundles of muscle fibres which membranes are called sarcolemma which bits fold inwards into the sarcoplasm. The folds are called transverse t tubules. In the sarcoplasm is the sarcoplasmic rectilium which stores and releases Ca2+ plus ions. Also contains myofibrils, which has myofilaments which makes the muscle contract. Think = myosin, Thin = actin.

Question 13

Sliding filament theory

Answer 13

Myosin and actin filaments slide over eachother to make sarcomeres contract.

Question 14

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle

Answer 14

Controlled consciously. Many multinucleate muscle fibres, regular cross striations. Some contract quickly for speed and strength but fatigue quickly, some contract slowly and fatigue slowly used for endurance and posture

Question 15

Involuntary (smooth) muscle

Answer 15

Controlled unconsciously. Found in walls of hollow internal organs. uninucleate, spindle-shaped, 0.2 mm long. Contract slowly and don’t fatigue.

Question 16

Cardiac muscle

Answer 16

Myoglobin (contracts in its own). In walls of heart. Fibres connected by intercalated discs that have low electrical resistance. Branched fibres for large surface area. Uninucleate, cylinder shaped, some cross-striations. Contract rhythmically and don’t fatigue.

Question 17

Neuromuscular junction.

Answer 17

Synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle cell. Acetylcholine neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

Question 18

Innate behaviour.

Answer 18

Instinctive. Genetically determined. Stereotyped

Question 19

Escape reflux - innate

Answer 19

Organism moves away from a potential danger

Question 20

Tactic response (taxis) - innate

Answer 20

directional movement in response to a stimulus

Question 21

Kinetic responce (kinesis) - innate

Answer 21

Nondirectional (random) movement in response to a stimulus. Intensity of stimulus affects response

Question 22

Learned behaviour

Answer 22

Nonstereotyped. Modified as a result of experience, allows animals to respond to changing conditions

Question 23

Habituation - Learned

Answer 23

A reduced response to an unimportant stimulus after repeated exposure over time.

Question 24

Classical conditioning – learned

Answer 24

Learning to respond naturally to a stimulus that doesn’t normally cause a response. Before conditioning and natural stimulus causes a natural response. After conditioning and natural stimulus causes and a natural response. Pavlovs dogs

Question 25

Operant conditioning – learned

Answer 25

Learning to associate a particular response within award or punishment. After a situation occurs many times and animal won’t work out which response gets a reward or punishment. Trial and error learning. Skinners rats

Question 26

Tropism

Answer 26

The response of a plant to a directional stimulus, positive tropism is growth towards the stimulus and negative tropism is growth away from the stimulus

Question 27

Latent learning

Answer 27

Hidden Learning, an animal doesn’t immediately show it’s learnt something. Learning by repeatedly doing the same task only shows its learned something when given an award a punishment. Rats doing a maze.

Question 28

Insight learning

Answer 28

Solve a problem by working it out using a previous experience. Chimp stacking boxes

Question 29

Imprinting

Answer 29

Combination of learned and innate behaviour. (E.g. an animal learns to recognise parents and instinctively follow them) only happens during critical period (certain time after an animal is born)

Question 30

Dopamine

Answer 30

Neurotransmitter that can affect mood and makes people feel more outgoing. Too many DRD4 receptors linked to schizophrenia.