Biotechnology

Question 1

Reproductive cloning

Answer 1

Used to make a complete organism that is genetically identical to another organism. Nuclear transfer, embryo into surrogate mother

Question 2

Non-reproductive cloning

Answer 2

Used to make embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to another organism (therapeutic cloning)
Nuclear Transfer. Stem cells harvested from the embryo

Question 3

Artificial clones

Answer 3

Produced from tissue culture and maybe micropropagation

Question 4

Natural clones

Answer 4

Produced by vegetative propagation

Question 5

Biotechnology

Answer 5

The industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs or other products (living organisms usually microorganisms)

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

A population of one type of microorganism that’s been growing under controlled conditions.

Question 7

Standard growth curve

Answer 7

Shows the growth of a closed culture

Question 8

Lag phase

Answer 8

Population increases slowly as microorganisms have to make enzymes et cetera before they can reproduce

Question 9

Exponential phase

Answer 9

Population increases quickly as conditions are most favourable for reproduction

Question 10

Stationary phase

Answer 10

Population stays level as death rate equals reproductive rate

Question 11

Decline phase

Answer 11

Population falls as death is higher than reproductive rate. Food source declines, toxic levels increase

Question 12

Metabolite

Answer 12

A substance formed during a metabolic reaction

Question 13

Primary metabolite

Answer 13

Produced when conditions are favourable. Essential for the growth of microorganisms.

Question 14

Secondary Metabolite

Answer 14

Produced when conditions are less favourable. Not essential for growth

Question 15

Batch culture

Answer 15

Microorganisms are grown in individual matches in offending taking vessel. Product harvested once. Project yield low

Question 16

Continuous culture

Answer 16

Microorganisms are continually grown in a fermentation vessel without stopping

Question 17

Asepsis

Answer 17

The practice of preventing contamination of cultures by unwanted microorganisms

Question 18

Gene technologies

Answer 18

All the techniques used to study jeans on their function

Question 19

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 19

Used to make millions of copies of a fragment of DNA in a few hours 95°, 55°, 72°

Question 20

Primers

Answer 20

Short pieces of DNA that are complimentary bases at the start of the fragment you want

Question 21

Restriction enzymes

Answer 21

Isolate (cut out) a DNA fragment

Question 22

Sticky ends

Answer 22

Small tales of unpaired bases at the end of each fragment

Question 23

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 23

Technique used to separate DNA fragments by size/length

Question 24

Genetic engineering

Answer 24

The manipulation of an organisms DNA

Question 25

Recombinant DNA

Answer 25

DNA formed by joining together DNA from different sources. Transformed organisms have a recombinant DNA.

Question 26

Transgenic organism

Answer 26

An organism that has been genetically engineered to include a gene from a different species

Question 27

Gene cloning

Answer 27

Making lots of copies of the same gene

Question 28

In vivo

Answer 28

Within a living organism

Question 29

In vitro

Answer 29

Outside living organism. E.g PCR

Question 30

Xenotransplantation

Answer 30

The transfer of cells, tissues organs from one species to another

Question 31

Gene Therapy

Answer 31

The possible treatment option for genetic disorders and some cancers that involves altering defective alleles inside cells

Question 32

Somatic gene therapy

Answer 32

Altering the alleles in body cells mainly the cells that are most affected

Question 33

Germ line gene therapy

Answer 33

Altering the alleles in sex cells so offspring wont suffer from the disease

Question 34

Cloning

Answer 34

The process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of an existing organism