Cellular Control

Question 1

Genetic code

Answer 1

The sequence of codons in mRNA for specific amino acids. Degenerate - different codes specify the same amino acid.

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

When a section of DNA is copied into RNA.

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

When RNA is used to synthesise a protein.

Question 4

Lac Operon

Answer 4

Can control protein synthesis by switching genes on and off.

Question 5

Structural genes

Answer 5

Code for useful proteins.

Question 6

Promoter region

Answer 6

A control element that RNA Polymerase bind too.

Question 7

Operator region

Answer 7

A control element that transcription factors bind to.

Question 8

Regulatory Gene

Answer 8

Code for a transcription factor

Question 9

Transcription factor

Answer 9

Activators or repressors represses start/stop transcription

Question 10

Homeo box sequence

Answer 10

A sequence in a homeotic gene that codes for the homeodomain.

Question 11

Homeotic gene

Answer 11

A gene that controls the development of a body plan

Question 12

Apoptosis

Answer 12

Programmed cell death

Question 13

Mutation

Answer 13

Any change in the DNA base sequence

Question 14

Substitution mutation

Answer 14

One base swapped for another

Question 15

Deletion mutation

Answer 15

One or more bases removed

Question 16

Insertion mutation

Answer 16

One or more bases added

Question 17

Duplication mutation

Answer 17

One or more bases repeated

Question 18

Inversion mutation

Answer 18

A sequence of bases is reversed

Question 19

Allele

Answer 19

One or more alternative versions of the same gene

Question 20

Locus

Answer 20

The position on a chromosome where are particular allele is found.

Question 21

Genotype

Answer 21

The alleles an organism has

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

The characteristics an organisms allele produces

Question 23

Dominant allele

Answer 23

An allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype even if there’s only one copy

Question 24

Recessive allele

Answer 24

And allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype if there are two copies present

Question 25

Co dominant allele

Answer 25

An allele whose characteristic appears together with another allele in the phenotype because neither allele is recessive

Question 26

Carrier

Answer 26

Person carrying an allele which is not expressed in the phenotype but can be passed on to offspring

Question 27

Mono hybrid inheritance

Answer 27

Inheritance of a single characteristic controlled by different alleles

Question 28

Sex linked characteristics

Answer 28

Alleles code for them are

on the sex chromosomes

Question 29

Dihybrid inheritance

Answer 29

Inheritance of two characteristics which are controlled by different genes which have different alleles

Question 30

Epistasis

Answer 30

When an allele of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of other gene.

Question 31

Intraspecific variation

Answer 31

The differences within a species

Question 32

Interspecific variation

Answer 32

The differences between different species

Question 33

Continuous variation

Answer 33

Quantitative individuals vary within range polygenic influenced by many genes

Question 34

Discontinuous variation

Answer 34

Two or more distinct categories qualitative monogenic only influenced by one gene

Question 35

Gene pool

Answer 35

Complete range of alleles present in a population

Question 36

Hardy Weinburg

Answer 36

Used to calculate allele frequencies and populations, only used with large populations random mating no migration
p+q=1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 37

Gene

Answer 37

A section of DNA found in chromosomes, they code for polypeptides which result in a characteristic.

Question 38

Species

Answer 38

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 39

Speciation

Answer 39

The development of a new species

Question 40

Biological species concept

Answer 40

A group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 41

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 41

A group of similar organisms with similar morphology physiology embryology and behaviour and occupy the same ecological niche

Question 42

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 42

An enzyme that makes a copy of DNA from mRNA

Question 43

DNA Ligase

Answer 43

An enzyme that joins sticky ends of DNA fragments together by joining up their sugar phosphate backbones.

Question 44

DNA Polymerase

Answer 44

An enzyme that joins together the nucleotides on the new strand of DNA during DNA replication

Question 45

Restriction enzymes

Answer 45

Enzymes that recognise specific recognition sequences and cut the DNA at these places