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Finals > Envi Sci > Flashcards

Envi Sci Flashcards

1
Q

A colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture

A

Air

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2
Q

is a mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen with traces of carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor and other minute components.

A

Air (earth’s atmosphere)

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3
Q

a blanket of air made up of a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth and reaches almost 350 miles from the surface of the Earth.

A

Atmosphere

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4
Q

It absorbs energy from the Sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate

A

Atmosphere

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5
Q

Earth’s atmosphere (in order)

A
  1. Troposphere
  2. Stratosphere
  3. Mesosphere
  4. Thermosphere
  5. Exosphere
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6
Q

levels of the atmosphere can be identified according to general characteristics, such as temperature distribution and physical and chemical properties

A

Atmospheric layers

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7
Q
  • extends from sea level up to 20,000 feet over the poles and to 55,000-60,000 feet over the equatorial regions
  • where vast majority of weather, clouds, storms, and temperature differences occurs
  • major component of the atmosphere
A

Troposphere

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8
Q

Temperatures within the troposphere

A

decrease with an increase in altitude (Lapse Rate) at a constant rate of 3.5 °F or 2 °C per 1000 ft increase in altitude

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9
Q

top most layer of the troposphere, which serves as a dividing region before the next layer

A

Tropopause

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10
Q

extends from the tropopause to a height of about 160,000 feet or about 30 miles

A

Stratosphere

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11
Q

Temperature in stratosphere

A

gets warmer with an increase in altitude; usually moving from a temperature of -76° F to about -40° F

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12
Q

extends from beyond the stratosphere to about 280,000 feet or from about 30 to 50 miles

A

Mesosphere

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13
Q

Temperature in mesosphere

A

increases but then it decreases at the top of the layer to about -130° F.

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14
Q

begins at about 50 miles up and extends to about 300 miles.

A

Thermosphere

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15
Q

Temperature in thermosphere

A

it increases depends on solar activity, but it is usually between 1,380° F and 2,280° F

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16
Q
  • extends from about 10 to 30 miles in altitude.
  • the Sun’s radiation reacts with the oxygen molecules and causes them to pick up a third atom, creating ozone.
  • performs the very important function of shielding the Earth from ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
A

Ozonosphere

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17
Q
  • begins at an altitude of about 25 miles and extends outward to about 250 miles
  • Because of the interactions between atmospheric particles and the Sun’s radiation, there is a loss or gain in the electrons of the atoms and molecules, and thus the word “ion”.
A

Ionosphere

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18
Q
  • body of air in motion due to difference in pressure
  • has direction and speed
A

Wind

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19
Q

is defined as the direction from which the wind is blowing.

A

Wind direction

20
Q

Results from uneven heating

A

Temperature

21
Q

is the total energy of all molecules within a substance.

A

Heat

22
Q

Four Ways to Transfer Heat:

A

Conduction
Convection
Advection
Radiation

23
Q

a heated particle comes in contact with another particle, and the 2nd particle absorbs some of its heat

A

Conduction

24
Q

heat transfer by vertical motion

A

Convection

25
Q

lateral transfer of heat

A

Advection

26
Q

heat energy from the sun

A

Radiation

27
Q

The weight or push of gaseous molecules on the Earth’s surface

A

Atmospheric pressure

28
Q

Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original, normal composition.

A

Air pollution

29
Q

Natural air pollution

A

Forest dires, pollen, dust storm

30
Q

Unnatural air pollution

A

man-made; coal, wood and other fuels used in cars, homes, and factories for energy

31
Q

Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may cause health concerns.

A

AQI: Air Quality Index

32
Q

Sources of air toxics

A

Routine emissions from stationary sources
Mobile sources
Accidental releases
Forest fires

33
Q

5 major pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Particulate matter
Ground level ozone

34
Q

•colorless, odorless
•produced when carbon does not burn in fossil fuels
•present in car exhaust
•deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision

A

Carbon monoxide

35
Q

•produced when coal and fuel oil are burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in those with asthma

A

Sulfur dioxide

36
Q

•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere
•present in car exhaust and power plants
•affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection

A

Nitrogen dioxide

37
Q

•particles of different sizes and structures that are released into the atmosphere
•present in many sources including fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk of respiratory infection

A

Particulate matter

38
Q

•at upper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s harmful UV rays
•at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
•formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs

A

Ground level ozone

39
Q

Smog

A

•Combination of gases with water vapor and dust
•Combination of words smoke and fog
•Forms when heat and sunlight react gases (photochemical smog)
•Occurs often with heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds

40
Q

Effects of smog

A

•Limits visibility
•Decreases UV radiation
•Yellow/black color over cities
•Causes respiratory problems and bronchial related deaths

41
Q

is an act promulgated by the Philippine Government to “protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.”

A

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 or RA 8749

42
Q

is one that takes place with no addition or removal of heat and with sufficient slowness so the gas can be considered to be in equilibrium at all times.

A

adiabatic process

43
Q

Five mechanisms of deterioration have been attributed
to air pollution:

A

abrasion, deposition and removal, direct chemical attack, indirect chemical attack, and electrochemical corrosion

44
Q

Factors That Influence Deterioration

A

Moisture, temperature, sunlight, and position of the exposed material are among the more important factors that influence the rate of deterioration.

45
Q

six criteria air pollutants for which the US EPA has designated NAAQS

A

CO, Pb, NO2, O3, SO2, Particulate Matter

Finals (6 decks)

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