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ENVI 101 > ENVI 101 Unit 3 > Flashcards

ENVI 101 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nonrenewable energy

A

Energy from resources that can be depleted and are not replenished by natural processes within human time scale

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2
Q

Renewable energy

A

Energy gained from resources that are replenished by natural processes in a relatively short time

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3
Q

Ore

A

Contains profitable concentration of a mineral

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4
Q

Metallic mineral resources

A

Aluminum, steel, copper, gold

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5
Q

Nonmetallic mineral resources

A

Sand, gravel, limestone, phosphate

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6
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas

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7
Q

Surface mining

A

Removes shallow deposits

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8
Q

Strip mining

A

Extracting deposits in horizontal beds close to the Earth’s surface

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9
Q

Petrochemical byproducts

A

Used to make plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints, etc.

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10
Q

Offshore drilling

A

Access of crude oil through deep ocean seabed deposits

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11
Q

Hydrofracking

A

Oil and natural gas trapped between compressed layers of shale rock formations, water sand and chemicals pumped into the cracks, produces hazardous waste slurry

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12
Q

Environmental effects of hydrofracking

A

Requires enormous volumes of water, produces hazardous wastewater, drilling for these wells can cause mini earthquakes

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13
Q

Nuclear fission

A

The splitting apart of nuclei that release energy - each fission releases neutrons which causes more chain reactions, fueled by uranium ore mined from crust

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14
Q

Cons of nuclear power

A

Low net energy yield, high costs, fear of accidents, long-lived radioactive wastes

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15
Q

Nuclear fuel cycle

A

Mining the uranium, processing and enriching the uranium to make fuel, using it in a reactor, safely storing the radioactive waste

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16
Q

Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

A

Convert solar energy to electric energy

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17
Q

Future of wind turbines

A

Offshore wind turbines fare away from land to avoid navigating land ownerships

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18
Q

Solar grazing

A

Sheep or other herbivores used to clear plants for solar panels

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19
Q

Pros of wind energy

A

Abundant, inexhaustible source, high net energy yield

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20
Q

Cons of wind energy

A

Land owners, can kill birds and bats

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21
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the Earth’s mantle

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22
Q

Geothermal heat pump system

A

Uses temperature difference between the Earth’s surface and underground, fluid carried through a closed loop

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23
Q

Hydrothermal reservoirs

A

Drill wells and extract dry steam, wet steam, or hot water

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24
Q

Biomass

A

Plant materials and agricultural waste that can be burned for fuel, can be used in solid or liquid forms

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25
Biomass plantations
Fast growing trees and shrubs for repeated harvest
26
Pros of liquid biofuels
Crops can be grown throughout the world - reduced dependence on imported oil, easy to store and transport - easy to use in motor vehicles
27
Ethanol in Brazil made from...
sugarcane residue
28
Hydropower
Produce electricity from flowing water
29
Cons of hydropower
High cost, equipment damage from storms and saltwater corrosion, destruction of habitats, few sustainable sites
30
Macronutrients
Carbs, proteins, fats
31
Micronutrients
Vitamins, calcium, iron
32
Individuals not getting enough nutrients (fraction)
1 out of 8
33
Chronic undernutrition
People who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs, which threaten their ability to live healthy and productive lives
34
Chronic malnutrition
Individuals do not get enough protein and other key nutrients
35
Famine
Severe shortage of food in an area that can result in mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption
36
Number of people that suffer from a deficiency in vitamins or minerals
2 billion
37
Overnutrition
When food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat
38
% of people who have health problems from eating too much sugar salt fat and lack of exercise
29%
39
Food desert
Lack of food in an area
40
Food swamps
Excess of unhealthy food
41
Food security
Daily access to enough nutritious food to live healthy lives
42
Croplands
Rice, soy, wheat, corn
43
Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots
Meat and meat products
44
Fisheries and aquaculture
Fish and shellfish
45
Three major technological advances that have accelerated food production
Irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and synthetic pesticides
46
Plantation agriculture
A form of industrialized agriculture, usually in tropical countries - monocultures of bananas, coffee, soybeans, sugar cane, and palm oil (can be used to produce ethanol fuel or biodiesel fuel)
47
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Use energy from the sun with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s survival with little left over
48
Traditional intensive agriculture
Higher crop yields by increasing human and draft animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water, farmers sell food for income
49
Polycultures
Grow several crops on the same plot at the same time
50
Farm subsidies
Government payments or tax breaks intended to help farmers stay in business and increase their yields
51
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
Fed grains, soybeans, fish meal, or fish oil potentially with growth hormones and antibiotics in confined areas, major emitter of methan
52
Top soil erosion
The movement of soil components from one place to another by wind or water
53
Desertification
The process in which fertile land becomes desert, the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more
54
Erosion affects... (fraction)
1/3rd of cropland
55
Soil salinization
Accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers
56
Waterlogging
Accumulation or water underground, raising the water table
57
Agrobiodiversity
Genetic variety of animal and planet species used in farms to produce food (Since 1900, we have lost 75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops)
58
Seed banks
Storage of plant seeds for future generations to maintain biodiversity
59
Biological controls
Natural predators, parasites, disease causing bacteria and viruses
60
Cons of biological controls
They can be difficult to mass produce, slower acting than synthetic, difficult to apply, could become pests themselves
61
Integrated Pest Management Order (Prevention to Intervention, Increasing in Toxicity)
Cultural, Physical-Mechanical, Biological, Chemical
62
Cross Breeding
Combining two sexually compatible species to create a variety wit the desired traits of the parents
63
Transgenesis
Addition of genes from any species to create a new variety with desired traits, same # of chromosomes as the starting plant
64
Genome Editing
Use of an enzyme system to modify DNA directly within the cell, same # of chromosomes and genes as the starting plant, does not add anything
65
CRISPR
Gene-editing technology
66
Permaculture
Design of agricultural practices to be self sufficient and sustainable
67
Energy cycle
Energy flow throughout a system, focus of permaculture
68
Soil conservation
Reducing topsoil erosion and restoring soil fertility
69
Terracing
Converting steeply sloped land into a series of broad, nearly level terraces that run across the lands' contours
70
Contour planting
Plowing and planting crops in rows across or perpendicular to slopes rather than vertical or up and down the slope
71
Strip-cropping with cover crop
Alternating strips of row crops with cover crops
72
Alley cropping / Agroforestry
Crops are planted together in alleys between orchard trees or fruit-bearing shrubs
73
Hydroponics
Growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside a greenhouse
74
Aquaponic system
Wastewater from fish tanks flow into hydroponic troughs where it nourishes the plants with nutrients from fish's wastewater
75
Organic fertilizer
Animal manure, green manure, compost
76
Organic agriculture
A production system that is managed to respond to site-specific conditions integrating cultural, biological. and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity
77
Perennial polycultures
Live for two or more seasons before needing to be replanted
78
Annual population growth
Population growth declining
79
Carrying capacity
Maximum number of individuals a habitat can support
80
Cultural carrying capacity
The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely without decreasing the ability for the Earth to sustain future generation
81
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year
82
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year
83
Total fertility rate
The average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population
84
Factors that impact birth and fertility rates
Importance of children in the labor force, cost of raising children, availability of pension systems, urbanization, educational / employment opportunities for women, average age of marriage, availability of reliable birth control, religious beliefs
85
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live, globally - 72, US - 79
86
Age structure
The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population
87
Three stages of age structure
Pre-productive - 0-14 Reproductive - 15-44 Post-productive - 45+

ENVI 101 (3 decks)

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