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ENVI 101 > ENVI 101 Unit 3 > Flashcards

ENVI 101 Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nonrenewable energy

A

Energy from resources that can be depleted and are not replenished by natural processes within human time scale

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2
Q

Renewable energy

A

Energy gained from resources that are replenished by natural processes in a relatively short time

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3
Q

Ore

A

Contains profitable concentration of a mineral

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4
Q

Metallic mineral resources

A

Aluminum, steel, copper, gold

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5
Q

Nonmetallic mineral resources

A

Sand, gravel, limestone, phosphate

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6
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Petroleum, coal, and natural gas

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7
Q

Surface mining

A

Removes shallow deposits

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8
Q

Strip mining

A

Extracting deposits in horizontal beds close to the Earth’s surface

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9
Q

Petrochemical byproducts

A

Used to make plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints, etc.

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10
Q

Offshore drilling

A

Access of crude oil through deep ocean seabed deposits

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11
Q

Hydrofracking

A

Oil and natural gas trapped between compressed layers of shale rock formations, water sand and chemicals pumped into the cracks, produces hazardous waste slurry

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12
Q

Environmental effects of hydrofracking

A

Requires enormous volumes of water, produces hazardous wastewater, drilling for these wells can cause mini earthquakes

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13
Q

Nuclear fission

A

The splitting apart of nuclei that release energy - each fission releases neutrons which causes more chain reactions, fueled by uranium ore mined from crust

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14
Q

Cons of nuclear power

A

Low net energy yield, high costs, fear of accidents, long-lived radioactive wastes

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15
Q

Nuclear fuel cycle

A

Mining the uranium, processing and enriching the uranium to make fuel, using it in a reactor, safely storing the radioactive waste

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16
Q

Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

A

Convert solar energy to electric energy

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17
Q

Future of wind turbines

A

Offshore wind turbines fare away from land to avoid navigating land ownerships

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18
Q

Solar grazing

A

Sheep or other herbivores used to clear plants for solar panels

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19
Q

Pros of wind energy

A

Abundant, inexhaustible source, high net energy yield

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20
Q

Cons of wind energy

A

Land owners, can kill birds and bats

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21
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the Earth’s mantle

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22
Q

Geothermal heat pump system

A

Uses temperature difference between the Earth’s surface and underground, fluid carried through a closed loop

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23
Q

Hydrothermal reservoirs

A

Drill wells and extract dry steam, wet steam, or hot water

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24
Q

Biomass

A

Plant materials and agricultural waste that can be burned for fuel, can be used in solid or liquid forms

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25
Q

Biomass plantations

A

Fast growing trees and shrubs for repeated harvest

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26
Q

Pros of liquid biofuels

A

Crops can be grown throughout the world - reduced dependence on imported oil, easy to store and transport - easy to use in motor vehicles

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27
Q

Ethanol in Brazil made from…

A

sugarcane residue

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28
Q

Hydropower

A

Produce electricity from flowing water

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29
Q

Cons of hydropower

A

High cost, equipment damage from storms and saltwater corrosion, destruction of habitats, few sustainable sites

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30
Q

Macronutrients

A

Carbs, proteins, fats

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31
Q

Micronutrients

A

Vitamins, calcium, iron

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32
Q

Individuals not getting enough nutrients (fraction)

A

1 out of 8

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33
Q

Chronic undernutrition

A

People who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs, which threaten their ability to live healthy and productive lives

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34
Q

Chronic malnutrition

A

Individuals do not get enough protein and other key nutrients

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35
Q

Famine

A

Severe shortage of food in an area that can result in mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption

36
Q

Number of people that suffer from a deficiency in vitamins or minerals

A

2 billion

37
Q

Overnutrition

A

When food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat

38
Q

% of people who have health problems from eating too much sugar salt fat and lack of exercise

A

29%

39
Q

Food desert

A

Lack of food in an area

40
Q

Food swamps

A

Excess of unhealthy food

41
Q

Food security

A

Daily access to enough nutritious food to live healthy lives

42
Q

Croplands

A

Rice, soy, wheat, corn

43
Q

Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots

A

Meat and meat products

44
Q

Fisheries and aquaculture

A

Fish and shellfish

45
Q

Three major technological advances that have accelerated food production

A

Irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and synthetic pesticides

46
Q

Plantation agriculture

A

A form of industrialized agriculture, usually in tropical countries - monocultures of bananas, coffee, soybeans, sugar cane, and palm oil (can be used to produce ethanol fuel or biodiesel fuel)

47
Q

Traditional subsistence agriculture

A

Use energy from the sun with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a
farm family’s survival with little left over

48
Q

Traditional intensive agriculture

A

Higher crop yields by increasing human and draft animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water, farmers sell food for income

49
Q

Polycultures

A

Grow several crops on the same plot at the same time

50
Q

Farm subsidies

A

Government payments or tax breaks intended to help farmers stay in business and increase their yields

51
Q

Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)

A

Fed grains, soybeans, fish meal, or fish oil potentially with growth hormones and antibiotics in confined areas, major emitter of methan

52
Q

Top soil erosion

A

The movement of soil components from one place to another by wind or water

53
Q

Desertification

A

The process in which fertile land becomes desert, the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more

54
Q

Erosion affects… (fraction)

A

1/3rd of cropland

55
Q

Soil salinization

A

Accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers

56
Q

Waterlogging

A

Accumulation or water underground, raising the water table

57
Q

Agrobiodiversity

A

Genetic variety of animal and planet species used in farms to produce food (Since 1900, we have lost 75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops)

58
Q

Seed banks

A

Storage of plant seeds for future generations to maintain biodiversity

59
Q

Biological controls

A

Natural predators, parasites, disease causing bacteria and viruses

60
Q

Cons of biological controls

A

They can be difficult to mass produce, slower acting than synthetic, difficult to apply, could become pests themselves

61
Q

Integrated Pest Management Order (Prevention to Intervention, Increasing in Toxicity)

A

Cultural, Physical-Mechanical, Biological, Chemical

62
Q

Cross Breeding

A

Combining two sexually compatible species to create a variety wit the desired traits of the parents

63
Q

Transgenesis

A

Addition of genes from any species to create a new variety with desired traits, same # of chromosomes as the starting plant

64
Q

Genome Editing

A

Use of an enzyme system to modify DNA directly within the cell, same # of chromosomes and genes as the starting plant, does not add anything

65
Q

CRISPR

A

Gene-editing technology

66
Q

Permaculture

A

Design of agricultural practices to be self sufficient and sustainable

67
Q

Energy cycle

A

Energy flow throughout a system, focus of permaculture

68
Q

Soil conservation

A

Reducing topsoil erosion and restoring soil fertility

69
Q

Terracing

A

Converting steeply sloped land into a series of broad, nearly level terraces that run across the lands’ contours

70
Q

Contour planting

A

Plowing and planting crops in rows across or perpendicular to slopes rather than vertical or up and down the slope

71
Q

Strip-cropping with cover crop

A

Alternating strips of row crops with cover crops

72
Q

Alley cropping / Agroforestry

A

Crops are planted together in alleys between orchard trees or fruit-bearing shrubs

73
Q

Hydroponics

A

Growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside a greenhouse

74
Q

Aquaponic system

A

Wastewater from fish tanks flow into hydroponic troughs where it nourishes the plants with nutrients from fish’s wastewater

75
Q

Organic fertilizer

A

Animal manure, green manure, compost

76
Q

Organic agriculture

A

A production system that is managed to respond to site-specific conditions integrating cultural, biological. and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity

77
Q

Perennial polycultures

A

Live for two or more seasons before needing to be replanted

78
Q

Annual population growth

A

Population growth declining

79
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum number of individuals a habitat can support

80
Q

Cultural carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely without decreasing the ability for the Earth to sustain future generation

81
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

82
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

83
Q

Total fertility rate

A

The average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population

84
Q

Factors that impact birth and fertility rates

A

Importance of children in the labor force, cost of raising children, availability of pension systems, urbanization, educational / employment opportunities for women, average age of marriage, availability of reliable birth control, religious beliefs

85
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live, globally - 72, US - 79

86
Q

Age structure

A

The numbers or percentages of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population

87
Q

Three stages of age structure

A

Pre-productive - 0-14
Reproductive - 15-44
Post-productive - 45+

ENVI 101 (3 decks)

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