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ENVI 101 > ENVI 101 Unit 1 > Flashcards

ENVI 101 Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environmental Studies

A

Examines scientific, social, and cultural aspects of the environment

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2
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the relationship of organisms with their environment

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

The defined place where living and nonliving things interact

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4
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors in an environment ex. water, sun, soil

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5
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors in an environment ex. fish, plants, humans

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6
Q

Human impacts on the environment

A

Agriculture, fossil fuels, land development, fires

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7
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Overuse of resources

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8
Q

What causes population growth?

A

Revolutions in farming, medicine, industry, information-globalization

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9
Q

Preservation

A

Nature should be left alone

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10
Q

Advocate for preservation

A

John Muir

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11
Q

Conservation

A

Nature should be taken care of and managed wisely

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12
Q

Advocates of conservation

A

Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot

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13
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Founder of the US Wilderness Society in 1935, author of the Sand County Almanac

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14
Q

Rachel Carson

A

Author of Silent Spring, book about DDT pollution

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15
Q

Date of the first Earth Day

A

April 22nd, 1970

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16
Q

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A

US Agency founded in 1970 with the goal of environmental protection

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17
Q

Backlash to environmental protection started during the…

A

1980s

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18
Q

Environmental Impact of Humans Equation

A

I=PAT

Impact
Population
Affluence (Power use per capita or carbon emissions)
Technology Development

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19
Q

Three E’s of Sustainability

A

Environment
Economy
Equity

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20
Q

Sustainability

A

Capacity for Earth’s natural systems to support life

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21
Q

Natural resources

A

Materials provided by nature that are essential to human life

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22
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Natural services provided by healthy ecosystems that support life and human economies at no cost

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23
Q

Natural capital

A

Natural resources and ecosystem services that support human life
ex. resource - tree, services - lumber, air purification, habitat, food

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24
Q

Sustainable development

A

Development of an economic system that uses natural resources in a way that does not permanently impact nature

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25
Q

Science

A

A way of knowing and discovering how nature works

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26
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Report

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27
Q

Standard deviation

A

How much the actual measurements deviate from the average

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28
Q

Peer review

A

Peers in a field review your process and determine if a study is valid / orchestrated correctly

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29
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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30
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by chemical reactions, made of atoms

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31
Q

Compound

A

Binding of two or more elements

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32
Q

Atoms

A

Building blocks of elements

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33
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in an element

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34
Q

Mass Number

A

Total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom

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35
Q

Average atomic mass

A

Average weight of atoms across forms

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36
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements with a different number of neutrons than normal

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37
Q

Ions

A

Atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron

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38
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more elements joined by chemical bonds

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39
Q

Organic molecules

A

Molecules that contain two or more carbon atoms

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40
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large biological molecules

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41
Q

Four main macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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42
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugar, source of energy

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43
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars ex. glucose

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44
Q

Disaccharides

A

Made of two monosaccharaides ex. lactose, sucrose

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45
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of monosaccharides ex cellulose

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46
Q

Lipids

A

Store large amounts of energy, hydrophobic, monomer - glycerol and fatty acids

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47
Q

Proteins

A

Carry out tasks for the body, monomer - amino acids

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48
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Store information on how to make proteins, monomer - nucleotides, polynucleotides - RNA, DNA

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49
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do work

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50
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in use

51
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy being stored

52
Q

First law of thermodynamics / Law of conservation of energy

A

When the form of energy is changed, no energy is created or lost

53
Q

Trophic structure

A

Feeding level based on source of nutrients

54
Q

Producers / autotrophs

A

Green plants, make energy from compounds and the environment via photosynthesis

55
Q

Consumers

A

Obtain nutrients from other organisms

56
Q

Primary consumer

A

Herbivores

57
Q

Secondary Consumers

A

Carnivores / omnivores

58
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Carnivores eating other carnivores

59
Q

Detritus feeders

A

Feed on dead bodies ex. earthworms, vultures

60
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down remains ex. bacteria, fungi

61
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Turns stored chemical energy from food into energy

62
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

The rate at which an ecosystem producers convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in their compounds found in their tissues (rate of photosynthesis)

63
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

Rate of photosynthesis minus use of aerobic respiration (NPP=GPP-R)

64
Q

Standing biomass

A

Amount of accumulated matter found in a plant

65
Q

Geology

A

The study of dynamic processes taking place on the Earth’s surface and its interior

66
Q

Three major concentric zones

A

Core, mantle, crust

67
Q

The Earth’s crust is mostly composed of…

A

minerals and rocks

68
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occurring chemical element or inorganic compound that exists as a crystalline solid

69
Q

Rock

A

Solid combination of one or more minerals

70
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Rocks formed by combination and compaction ex. shale, sandstone

71
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Existing rocks subjected to high pressure or high temperature ex. slate

72
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Rocks formed under intense heat /pressure and cooling ex. obsidian

73
Q

Meteorites

A

Giant rocks that enter the Earth’s atmosphere

74
Q

Tectonic Plates

A

Crust plates

75
Q

Divergent boundary

A

Plates moving away from each other

76
Q

Convergent boundary

A

Plates moving together

77
Q

Transform plate boundary

A

Plates grind together

78
Q

Volcano

A

Magma rising through the lithosphere reaches the Earth’s surface

79
Q

Eruption

A

Release of magma, hot ash, and gases into the environment

80
Q

Earthquake

A

Breakage and shifting of rocks, occurs at a fault

81
Q

Focus

A

Origin of the earthquake

82
Q

Magnitude

A

Security of the earthquake

83
Q

Richter Scale

A

Measures the magnitude of an Earthquake

84
Q

Largest earthquake in recorded history

A

Chile, 9.2 on Richter Scale

85
Q

Tsunamis

A

Giant waves caused by undersea earthquakes happening on the oceanic crust

86
Q

Glaciers

A

Sheets of ice formed by deep snowpack - compressed into ice

87
Q

Oceans make up…

A

97% of Earth’s water

88
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Movement of water, distributed unevenly

89
Q

Zone of saturation

A

Spaces in soil below a certain depth, filled with water

90
Q

Aquifers

A

A body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater, recharged naturally by precipitation or nearby streams, and rivers

91
Q

Hydrologic cycle steps

A

Evaporation, precipitation, surface runoff

92
Q

Surface runoff

A

Precipitation runs off into bodies of water, or into the ground

93
Q

Atmosphere

A

Thin blanket of gases surrounding Earth 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen

94
Q

Troposphere

A

Innermost layer of the atmosphere, 20km up, supports life

95
Q

Stratosphere

A

20-50km up, contains protective ozone layer, filter ~95% of harmful UV radiation

96
Q

Weather is made up of

A

Temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, cloudiness (at a specific time)

97
Q

Climate

A

Long term average weather patterns, different scales - local, regional, global

98
Q

Earth rotates around ___ and revolves around ___

A

Its axis; the Sun

99
Q

Earth’s poles are ____ degrees off the perpendicular

A

23.5

100
Q

Hadley Cells

A

Large atmospheric cells where air rises at the equator then sinks at medium latitudes

101
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

Mountains affect rainfall; leeway side of mountains unable to have growths due to mountains causing precipitation on windward side

102
Q

Urban heat island

A

Higher temperature in cities than in surrounding countryside, caused by black pavement

103
Q

Albedo effect

A

How much sunlight is reflected by the Earth’s surface

104
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Tree releases water in hot weather

105
Q

Soil

A

Mixture of dirt, minerals, water, decomposing organic material, and more

106
Q

Soil formation begins with….

A

Mechanical weathering

107
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Breaking up of rock due to water, wind, temperature

108
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Chemical reactions decompose rocks

109
Q

Parent material

A

Original material from which soil develops

110
Q

When organisms die, they decompose and are incorporated in the soil as _____ by fungi and bacteria

A

Organic matter

111
Q

Soil texture

A

Determined by weight (%) of sand, silt, and clay

112
Q

Loam

A

Well suited soil for plant growth, 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay

113
Q

Particle sizes of sand, silt, and clay

A

Sand - .05mm-2mm
Silt - .002mm-.05mm
Clay - <.002mm

114
Q

Fine soils drain _____ than course soils

A

slower

115
Q

Soil order

A

“Age” of soil

116
Q

NY Soils

A

Inceptisols, Altisols, Spodisols

117
Q

Soil erosion is a threat to…

A

Agricultural sustainability

118
Q

Dust Bowl / The Dirty Thirties

A

Severe drought and dust storms in the midwestern US during the Great Depression

119
Q

Dust Bowl led to the creation of the ____ and the ____

A

Soil Erosion Service (later became the Natural Resources Conservation Service), Prairie States Forestry Project

120
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

121
Q

Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

A

78% of atmosphere, cannot be absorbed by plants naturally; requires lightning or nitrogen fixing bacteria

122
Q

Fertilizers impact on the environment

A

Fertilizers add too much nitrogen and phosphate to the soils, carried via runoff into oceans and lakes, suffocating animals by promoting excessive plant growth

123
Q

Eutrophication

A

suffocation of sea life caused by excess nitrogen promoting plant growth

ENVI 101 (3 decks)

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